ADD - ADHD

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ADD - ADHD

NIH - Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

"According to the most recent version of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders2 (DSM-IV-TR), there are three patterns of behavior that indicate ADHD. People with ADHD may show several signs of being consistently inattentive. They may have a pattern of being hyperactive and impulsive far more than others of their age. Or they may show all three types of behavior. This means that there are three subtypes of ADHD recognized by professionals. These are the predominantly hyperactive-impulsive type (that does not show significant inattention); the predominantly inattentive type (that does not show significant hyperactive-impulsive behavior) sometimes called ADD—an outdated term for this entire disorder; and the combined type (that displays both inattentive and hyperactive-impulsive symptoms)."

Highlighted Article

Supplementation with flax oil and vitamin C improves the outcome of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). (Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids. 2006)

"Supplementation with flax oil and vitamin C improves the outcome of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). (Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids. 2006) "This pilot study evaluates the effect of alpha linolenic acid (ALA)-rich nutritional supplementation in the form of flax oil and antioxidant emulsion on blood fatty acids composition and behavior in children with ADHD. Post-supplementation levels of RBC membrane fatty acids were significantly higher than pretreatment levels as well as the levels in control. There was significant improvement in the symptoms of ADHD reflected by reduction in total hyperactivity scores of ADHD children derived from ADHD rating scale."

Attention Deficit Disorder and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

Diagnosis, Imaging, and Screening

NEWS:

New School Standards May Boost Odds of ADHD Diagnosis

ARTICLES:

How Can I Distinguish ADHD From Bipolar Disorder at an Early Stage? "The incidence of ADHD in children who are later diagnosed in adulthood with bipolar disorder (BD) is indeed quite high. Compounding this situation is the high rate of co-occurrence of these 2 disorders. In some series, 93% of children with diagnosed BD have comorbid ADHD, whereas 59% of adolescents with adolescent-onset mania have ADHD. The association becomes less pronounced in adults with diagnosed mania, of whom only 10% have comorbid ADHD. Symptoms common to both, especially in younger children, include hyperactivity, inattention, irritability, and rage, with the severity of these symptoms being more intense in children with BD."

JOURNAL ARTICLES:

Altered baseline brain activity in children with ADHD revealed by resting-state functional MRI. (Brain Dev. 2006)

Are pervasive developmental disorders and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder distinct disorders? (Brain Dev. 2006)

[Attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder and sleep disorders.] (Med Clin (Barc). 2006) "Children undergoing evaluation for ADHD should be systematically assessed for sleep disturbances because treatment of sleep disorders is often associated with improved simptomatology and decreased need for stimulants."

Differential Diagnosis of ADHD in School-Age Children (Medscape Psychiatry & Mental Health. 2006)

Hippocampus and Amygdala Morphology in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2006) "Conclusions The enlarged hippocampus in children and adolescents with ADHD may represent a compensatory response to the presence of disturbances in the perception of time, temporal processing (eg, delay aversion), and stimulus seeking associated with ADHD. Disrupted connections between the amygdala and orbitofrontal cortex may contribute to behavioral disinhibition. Our findings suggest involvement of the limbic system in the pathophysiology of ADHD."

Longitudinal Mapping of Cortical Thickness and Clinical Outcome in Children and Adolescents With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. (Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2006) "CONCLUSIONS: Children with ADHD show relative cortical thinning in regions important for attentional control. Children with a worse outcome have "fixed" thinning of the left medial prefrontal cortex, which may compromise the anterior attentional network and encumber clinical improvement. Right parietal cortex thickness normalization in patients with a better outcome may represent compensatory cortical change."

Magnetic Resonance Imaging Volumetric Analysis of the Putamen in Children With ADHD: Combined Type Versus Control. (J Atten Disord. 2006) "Conclusion: A reversal of symmetry in the putamen (as found in the caudate) may relate to ADHD symptomology as well as to psychopathic traits."

Who Receives a Diagnosis of Attention-Deficit/ Hyperactivity Disorder in the United States Elementary School Population? (PEDIATRICS 2006) "Schools play an important role in ADHD identification. We found that increased pressures for school performance under accountability laws are associated with increased ADHD diagnoses. Empirical evidence shows that state laws by the time of this study did not significantly affect ADHD diagnoses. State laws that limit teachers' ability to talk to parents about ADHD have a potential to have significant consequences as they stay in effect longer and as more states adopt such laws. More research is necessary to examine the impact of state laws as they affect more children over time."

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