ADD - ADHD

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ADD - ADHD

NIH - Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

"According to the most recent version of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders2 (DSM-IV-TR), there are three patterns of behavior that indicate ADHD. People with ADHD may show several signs of being consistently inattentive. They may have a pattern of being hyperactive and impulsive far more than others of their age. Or they may show all three types of behavior. This means that there are three subtypes of ADHD recognized by professionals. These are the predominantly hyperactive-impulsive type (that does not show significant inattention); the predominantly inattentive type (that does not show significant hyperactive-impulsive behavior) sometimes called ADD—an outdated term for this entire disorder; and the combined type (that displays both inattentive and hyperactive-impulsive symptoms)."

Highlighted Article

Supplementation with flax oil and vitamin C improves the outcome of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). (Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids. 2006)

"Supplementation with flax oil and vitamin C improves the outcome of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). (Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids. 2006) "This pilot study evaluates the effect of alpha linolenic acid (ALA)-rich nutritional supplementation in the form of flax oil and antioxidant emulsion on blood fatty acids composition and behavior in children with ADHD. Post-supplementation levels of RBC membrane fatty acids were significantly higher than pretreatment levels as well as the levels in control. There was significant improvement in the symptoms of ADHD reflected by reduction in total hyperactivity scores of ADHD children derived from ADHD rating scale."

Attention Deficit Disorder and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

General Information

NEWS:

Kids, parents often both on ADHD medications "Parents of children on ADHD drugs were nine times more likely than other parents to use the drugs themselves. And if at least one parent and child were taking an ADHD drug, a second child was more likely to do so, too. Doctors have long recognized that attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder runs in families."

Politicians Likely to Suffer from AD/HD

Struggles persist for adolescent girls with ADHD "As they enter adolescence, girls with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) show fewer symptoms of hyperactivity. But they continue to lag behind their peers academically and have a greater proclivity for other behavioral and emotional disorders as well as for substance abuse … Although the news is sobering, many of the girls with ADHD did show improvement across the five-year follow-up interval. A few made substantial recoveries. But on average, problems persisted and new ones emerged, which suggests that careful monitoring and treatment are essential, Hinshaw said."

ARTICLES:

The Neurobiology of ADHD

JOURNAL ARTICLES:

A Controlled Family Study of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Tourette's Disorder. (J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2006) "CONCLUSIONS:: TD and ADHD are not alternate phenotypes of a single underlying genetic cause. There is an increased risk of comorbid ADHD and TD in affected families, possibly reflecting some overlapping neurobiology or pathophysiology."

ADHD and comorbidity in childhood. (J Clin Psychiatry. 2006) "In recent years, evidence has been accumulating regarding high levels of comorbidity between attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and a number of disorders, including mood and anxiety disorders and conduct disorder. Thus, ADHD is most likely a group of conditions, rather than a single homogeneous clinical entity, with potentially different etiologic and modifying risk factors and different outcomes. Follow-up studies of children with ADHD indicate that subgroups of subjects with ADHD and comorbid disorders have a poorer outcome as evidenced by significantly greater social, emotional, and psychological difficulties."

ADHD Symptom Subtypes in Children with Pervasive Developmental Disorder. (J Autism Dev Disord. 2006)

Altered pattern of brain dopamine synthesis in male adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. (Behav Brain Funct. 2006) "CONCLUSION: Dopamine signalling in the brain plays an important modulatory role in a variety of motor and cognitive functions. We have identified region-specific functional abnormalities in dopaminergic function, which may help better account for the symptoms of ADHD."

[Atentional processes and attention deficit disorders in autism.] (Rev Neurol. 2006) "With regard to the association between ADHD and PDD, it is an acknowledged fact that up to 70% of the persons with PDD meet ADHD criteria; whether we are before a situation of comorbidity, it is part of the spectrum or forms a specific subtype is an interesting issue for debate. Nevertheless, what is essential is for this association to be acknowledged to allow therapy to be undertaken using the correct approach."

Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in girls: epidemiology and management. (CNS Drugs. 2006)

Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder - bipolar comorbidity in children and adolescents. (Bipolar Disord. 2006) "Bipolar-ADHD patients presented more frequently a chronic rather than an episodic course of BD, with an irritable rather than an elated mood. They showed higher rates of oppositional defiant disorder/conduct disorder, lower rates of panic disorder, and less frequently received antidepressant medications. Finally, ADHD comorbidity was associated with a greater psychosocial impairment. ADHD comorbidity is frequent in juvenile BD and can influence age of onset, phenomenology, comorbidity, and course of BD. A timely diagnosis should improve our efforts regarding the outcome of these subjects."

Atypical motor and sensory cortex activation in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a functional magnetic resonance imaging study of simple sequential finger tapping. (Biol Psychiatry. 2006)

Comorbidity of obsessive-compulsive disorder and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in referred children and adolescents. (Compr Psychiatry. 2006)

[Coping and quality of life among children and adolescents with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder] (Prax Kinderpsychol Kinderpsychiatr. 2006)

Effects of coexisting disorders on cognition and behavior in children with ADHD. (J Atten Disord. 2006)

[Epidemiology, treatment and prevention of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a review] (Nippon Koshu Eisei Zasshi. 2006)

Examining the Relationship Between Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder and Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Children and Adolescents: A Familial Risk Analysis. (Biol Psychiatry. 2006) "CONCLUSIONS: These results extend previously reported findings regarding the heritability of both ADHD and OCD and provide new evidence of a familial relationship between ADHD and pediatric OCD that best fits the hypothesis of a unique familial subtype."

Familial Association and Frequency of Learning Disabilities in ADHD Sibling Pair Families. (J Abnorm Child Psychol. 2006)

Functional Roles of Norepinephrine and Dopamine in ADHD (Medscape Psychiatry & Mental Health. 2006)

Health complaints in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. (Acta Paediatr. 2006) "Results: Recurrent abdominal pain (RAP), sleeping problems and tiredness were associated with ADHD …"

Impairment of executive functions in boys with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. (Neuropsychol Dev Cogn C Child Neuropsychol. 2006)

Long-term relationships between symptoms of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and self-esteem in a prospective longitudinal study of twins. (Acta Paediatr. 2006) "Conclusions: The long-term relationships between ADHD-symptoms and a low self-esteem in a population-based sample were confirmed by the co-twin analyses."

Predictors of antisocial behaviour in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. (Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2006) "INTRODUCTION: Antisocial behaviour is an important adverse outcome of ADHD. The aim of this review is to examine what is known about the clinical, genetic and environmental factors that contribute to the link between ADHD and antisocial behaviour. … RESULTS: ADHD symptom severity and pervasiveness predict the development of antisocial behaviour. Genetic factors contribute substantially to the risk of developing both problems, although specific genes that influence the development of antisocial behaviour in ADHD have yet to be identified. Some of these genetic effects may be indirectly mediated through environmental risk (gene-environment correlation) or by increasing individual susceptibility to specific environmental adversity (gene-environment interaction). Antisocial behaviour in children with ADHD is also linked with family adversity as well as peer rejection, although some of this adversity may arise as a result of the child's symptoms."

Psychopathology in Females with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Controlled, Five-Year Prospective Study. (Biol Psychiatry. 2006) "CONCLUSIONS: These prospective follow-up findings documenting high morbidity associated with ADHD extend to females previously reported findings in male samples and underscore the importance of early recognition and intervention efforts for youth with ADHD of both genders."

Recognition of emotional facial expressions in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. (Pediatr Neurol. 2006) "Within the ADHD group, there was a significant correlation between interpersonal problems and emotional facial expression decoding impairment, which was more marked for anger expressions. These results suggest suboptimal nonverbal decoding abilities in ADHD that may have important implications for therapy."

Relationship of family environment and parental psychiatric diagnosis to impairment in ADHD. (J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2006) "RESULTS: Parents of children with ADHD rate their families as higher in conflict and lower in achievement and organization than normative samples. High family conflict is significantly associated with impairment in ADHD ASPs accounting for approximately 40% of the sibling similarity in impairment. Parental psychiatric diagnosis revealed no significant direct link to sibling impairment, but rather a significant indirect link to impairment mediated by family conflict."

Small body size at birth and behavioural symptoms of ADHD in children aged five to six years (Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines 2006) "These results suggest that physiological adaptation in utero, indicated by small body size at birth, within term gestational range may increase the susceptibility to behavioural symptoms of ADHD."

What is the Social Impact of ADHD in Girls? A Multi-Method Assessment. ( Abnorm Child Psychol. 2006) " In all, the results indicate that girls with ADHD, with and without ODD behaviour, engage in socially detrimental behaviours."

Working memory deficits in adults with ADHD: Is there evidence for subtype differences? (Behav Brain Funct. 2006) "ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: Working memory performance is important for maintaining functioning in cognitive, academic and social activities. Previous research suggests there are prevalent working memory deficits in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). There is now a growing body of literature characterizing working memory functioning according to ADHD subtypes in children. … CONCLUSIONS: In general, the data support a dimensional interpretation of working memory deficits experienced by the ADHD-CT and ADHD-IA subtypes, rather than an absolute difference between subtypes. Future studies should test the effects of processing speed and load on subtype performance and how those variables interact with gender in adults with ADHD."

Working memory impairments in children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder with and without comorbid language learning disorders. (J Clin Exp Neuropsychol. 2006)

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