Diabetes Mellitus Type II
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Diabetes
NIH - Medical Encyclopedia Diabetes
"Type 2 diabetes is far more common than type 1 and makes up 90% or more of all cases of diabetes. It usually occurs in adulthood. Here, the pancreas does not make enough insulin to keep blood glucose levels normal, often because the body does not respond well to the insulin. Many people with type 2 diabetes do not know they have it, although it is a serious condition. Type 2 diabetes is becoming more common due to the growing number of older Americans, increasing obesity, and failure to exercise. … Unlike type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes may respond to treatment with exercise, diet, and/or oral medications. … Some people with type 2 diabetes find they no longer need medication if they lose weight and increase activity, because when their ideal weight is reached, their own insulin and a careful diet can control their blood glucose levels."
Highlighted ArticleWalking for exercise--does three times per week influence risk factors in type 2 diabetes? (Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2006)
"Our results suggest that an increase of regular physical activity equivalent to 45 min of walking 3 days/week may suffice to improve systolic and diastolic blood pressure, lipid metabolism and BMI in patients with type 2 diabetes."
Diabetes Mellitus Type II
General Information
NEWS:
Diabetes and Its Awful Toll Quietly Emerge as a Crisis
Diabetes Adds 15 Years "People with diabetes can expect to develop cardiovascular disease about 15 years sooner than people without the condition."
'Double Diabetes' a New Threat: The obesity epidemic is leading more people to develop type 1 and type 2 disease " … the epidemic has become so pervasive that doctors are now finding patients who suffer from both type 1 and type 2 diabetes -- a phenomenon known as "double diabetes' or 'hybrid diabetes.' "
Landmark Study On Diabetic Foot Unveils Startling Data About Infection-induced Amputation
Night Eating Is Common in Diabetic Patients and May Increase Complications "Disturbed eating patterns may have negative consequences, such as poorer dietary and glucose control, among diabetic patients. In particular, the night-eating syndrome defined as a circadian delay in daily food intake distinguished by more than 25% of calories consumed after the evening meal or waking to eat at least 3 times weekly may be more pervasive among diabetic patients. Patients with night-eating syndrome also consume disproportionately more fat- and carbohydrate-rich foods nocturnally."
Study: 73 Million Americans Have Diabetes or Are at Risk
ARTICLES:
One-Third of Adults with Diabetes Still Don't Know They Have It
JOURNAL ARTICLES:
Abdominal adiposity is a stronger predictor of insulin resistance than fitness among 50-95 year olds. (Diabetes Care. 2006) "CONCLUSIONS: Adiposity and fitness continue to be significant predictors of insulin sensitivity into old age, with abdominal obesity being the most important single factor. These findings support the measurement of waist circumference to assess health risk among older adults."
Adiponectin - a key adipokine in the metabolic syndrome (Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism 2006) "Adiponectin is a recently described adipokine that has been recognized as a key regulator of insulin sensitivity and tissue inflammation. It is produced by adipose tissue (white and brown) and circulates in the blood at very high concentrations. . "
Anemia often develops in type 2 diabetics: study "In patients with type 2 diabetes, a decrease in hemoglobin (Hb) is insidious and occurs predominantly in older people with chronic kidney disease and damaged large blood vessels, research suggests. "The early identification of anemia may be achieved by annual or biannual screening in these high-risk groups," Dr. Merlin C. Thomas from the Baker Medical Research Institute in Melbourne, Australia, told Reuters Health. Anemia occurs when there is a drop in the blood's ability to carry oxygen, because of a deficiency in red blood cells or their oxygen-carrying component, hemoglobin. A lack of iron in the diet or blood loss, perhaps from internal bleeding or diseased blood vessels, are two potential causes of anemia. "
Association of the metabolic syndrome and insulin resistance with silent myocardial ischemia in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. (Am J Cardiol. 2006)
[Atherosclerosis in diabetes mellitus] (Nippon Rinsho. 2006) "The report of the Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial (MRFIT) suggested that the prevalence of atherosclerosis in patients with diabetes mellitus is two or three times that in individuals without diabetes, and a Finnish study has reported that the risk of ischemic heart disease is extremely high in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus."
Complex relationship between blood pressure and mortality in type 2 diabetic patients: a follow-up of the Botnia Study. (Hypertension. 2006) "The association between low systolic and diastolic blood pressure and mortality was pronounced in patients with previous cardiovascular disease. A U-shaped association between pulse pressure and mortality was observed in elderly patients. These observations could be linked to arterial stiffness and heart failure. Low blood pressure in high-risk patients is likely to be a marker of poor health rather than the cause of mortality."
Detection of coronary artery disease in asymptomatic patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. (J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006)
Diabetes and dyslipidaemia. (Diabetes Obes Metab. 2006) "The risk of developing cardiovascular disease (CVD) is higher and the prognosis poorer for diabetic than for non-diabetic individuals. Diabetic dyslipidaemia is characterized by hypertriglyceridaemia, low levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and the presence of small, dense low-density lipoprotein (LDL) particles. Increased physical activity and weight loss are the first steps in managing diabetic dyslipidaemia."
Diabetes is related to cerebral infarction but not to AD pathology in older persons (NEUROLOGY 2006) "Conclusion: We found a relation between diabetes and cerebral infarction but not between diabetes and Alzheimer disease pathology in older persons."
Diabetes mellitus and dementia. (Diabetes Metab. 2006)
Diabetes mellitus and the risk of urinary tract stones: a population-based case-control study. (Am J Kidney Dis. 2006)
Diabetes: how are we diagnosing and initially managing it? (Ann Fam Med. 2006)
Diabetes: impact on stroke risk and poststroke recovery. (Semin Neurol. 2006)
Does the Metabolic Syndrome Exist? (Diabetes Care. 2006) "There appears to be growing support for moving clinical practice away from the single-risk factor strategy to one that focuses on multiple risk factors, of which the metabolic syndrome is a prime example."
Effects of Coffee Consumption on Glucose Tolerance, Serum Glucose and Insulin Levels - A Cross-sectional Analysis. (Horm Metab Res. 2006)
Homocysteine, reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide in type 2 diabetes mellitus. (Thromb Res. 2006) "CONCLUSIONS: As homocysteine stimulates oxidative stress and inhibits nitric oxide formation, hyperhomocysteinemia measured in type 2 diabetic patients, promoting platelet hyperactivity, could have a role in the atherogenic effects described in type 2 diabetes."
Hypovitaminosis D in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Association with Microvascular Complications and Type of Treatment. (Endocr J. 2006 Jul) "In conclusion, these results suggest that microvascular complications and insulin treatment in type 2 diabetes patients are associated with the co-existence of hypovitaminosis D, and that hypovitaminosis D in insulin-treated patients is possibly related to the risk of osteoporotic fracture."
Insulin resistance - a common link between type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease (Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism 2006) "Evidence suggests that diabetes and cardiovascular disease (CVD) may share an underlying cause(s), a theory known as the 'common soil' hypothesis. Insulin resistance is central both to the progression from normal glucose tolerance to type 2 diabetes and to a constellation of cardiovascular risk factors known as the metabolic syndrome. These risk factors include visceral obesity and dyslipidaemia characterized by low levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, hypertriglyceridaemia and raised small dense low-density lipoprotein particle levels. Changes in adipose tissue mass and metabolism may link insulin resistance and visceral obesity, a condition that is common in type 2 diabetes."
Low SHBG, Total Testosterone, and Symptomatic Androgen Deficiency are Associated with Development of the Metabolic Syndrome in Non-Obese Men. (J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2006)
Low-carbohydrate and high-fat intake among adult patients with poorly controlled type 2 diabetes mellitus. (Nutrition. 2006)
Low-grade systemic inflammation and the risk of type 2 diabetes in obese children and adolescents. (Neuro Endocrinol Lett. 2006) "CONCLUSIONS: Serum inflammatory markers were significantly correlated with most factors implicated in the development of type 2 diabetes. These data provide additional support for previously reported in adults relationship between subclinical inflammation and the risk of type 2 diabetes."
Magnesium Intake and Incidence of Metabolic Syndrome Among Young Adults (Circulation. 2006) "Conclusions- Our findings suggest that young adults with higher magnesium intake have lower risk of development of metabolic syndrome."
Mortality in people with Type 2 diabetes in the UK (Diabetic Medicine 2006) "Conclusions Patients with Type 2 diabetes have almost double the mortality rate compared with those without. The relative risk decreases with age. In people with Type 2 diabetes, obesity and smoking both contribute to the risk of all-cause mortality, supporting doctrines to stop smoking and lose weight."
Obesity is a major determinant of the association of C-reactive protein levels and the metabolic syndrome in type 2 diabetes. (Diabetes. 2006)
[Peripheral artery disease of the lower limbs and morbidity/mortality in type 2 diabetics.] (ten Primaria. 2006) "CONCLUSIONS. The type 2 diabetics with PAD present with a higher morbidity and mortality. The ABI is a good predictor of cardiovascular disease and heart failure morbidity and mortality."
Prediction of Coronary Heart Disease in a Population With High Prevalence of Diabetes and Albuminuria. The Strong Heart Study. (Circulation. 2006)
Prevalence of erectile dysfunction in Korean men with Type 2 diabetes mellitus. (Diabet Med. 2006)
Prevention and Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes in Youth. (Horm Res. 2006)
Protective mechanisms of the Mediterranean diet in obesity and type 2 diabetes. ( Nutr Biochem. 2006)
Risk of dementia in diabetes mellitus: a systematic review. (Lancet Neurol. 2006)
Therapy Insight: type 2 diabetes mellitus and the risk of late-onset Alzheimer's disease. (at Clin Pract Neurol. 2006)
Type 2 diabetes mellitus as inflammatory disease. (Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2006) "Inflammation is defined as a cascade of phenomena induced in response to different pathological stimuli. This physiological occurrence that allows the restoration of homeostasis may also cause different diseases in various pathological conditions. Inflammatory process seems to play an important role in the development of diabetes and its late complications. Both genetic and environmental factors, such as diet, physical inactivity, smoking and stress are responsible for the activation and intensity of chronic inflammation."
Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a risk factor for the development of hypertension in postmenopausal women. ( Hypertens. 2006) "CONCLUSION: In our prospective study, on the incidence of hypertension, the presence of type 2 diabetes was found to be a potent independent risk determinant. This suggests that postmenopausal women affected by type 2 diabetes mellitus comprise a population at high risk for the subsequent development of hypertension."
Visceral adipose tissue as an indicator of insulin resistance in nonobese patients with new onset type 2 diabetes mellitus. (Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes. 2006) "BACKGROUND: Obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus are characterized by insulin resistance. We determined the relationship between insulin resistance and visceral adipose tissue (VAT) and their correlation with bioimpedance analysis in nonobese new onset type 2 diabetes patients. . CONCLUSIONS: The amount of VAT is significantly higher in nonobese new onset patients with type 2 diabetes than the healthy control group. In these patients, VAT measured by CT is an important indicator of insulin resistance. Although bioimpedance analysis can give an idea about total body fat and obesity, it is not sufficient in evaluating fat distribution and therefore is not effective in predicting insulin resistance."
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