Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs)
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Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs)
General Information
NEWS:
Circumcision Shown to Slow Spread of HIV in Africa "The studies, in Kenya and Uganda, found that circumcised men are about 50 percent less likely to contract HIV than those who are not, a result that echoed similar research last year from South Africa. In all three studies, the results were so persuasive that researchers stopped their experiments several months early and offered circumcisions to all of the subjects, deeming it unethical to withhold a procedure that might prevent an often-fatal disease. … Circumcision, which removes the foreskin from a man's penis, eliminates the cells most vulnerable to HIV infection, researchers say. A circumcised penis also develops thicker skin that's resistant to infection."
College Freshmen at High Chlamydia Risk
Condoms Proven to Protect Against Virus "A three-year study of female college students -- all virgins at the start -- found that women whose partners always wore a condom during sex were 70 percent less likely to become infected with the human papilloma virus, or HPV, than those whose partners used protection less than 5 percent of the time."
Dangerous Chlamydia Strain Spreading in U.S.
Global study dispels common myths about sex "In the first comprehensive global study of sexual behavior, British researchers found that people aren’t losing their virginity at ever younger ages, married people have the most sex, and there is no firm link between promiscuity and sexually transmitted diseases."
Gonorrhea linked to higher prostate cancer risk
Herpes increases because oral sex thought safe
Herpes infections frequent in adolescent girls "Infections with the virus that causes genital herpes are common among teen girls, a new study shows. While none of the young women in the study had oral or genital herpes symptoms, some of those who tested positive for the virus were shedding it in their vaginal area, meaning it would be possible for them to transmit the infection to others, Dr. Kenneth H. Fife of the Indiana University School of Medicine in Indianapolis and colleagues report."
HIV Drugs Improve, but Not Death Rate "Compared with patients starting HAART for the first time in 1995, those starting therapy in 2003 were far more likely to be female and infected with HIV through heterosexual rather than homosexual contact."
Human papillomavirus tied to oral cancer"Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection from oral sex may have increased rate of tonsillar cancer, a study from Sweden hints."
Many STD patients reinfected within months "Many patients who are treated for chlamydia infection, vaginal trichomoniasis or gonorrhea are infected again within months, U.S. researchers reported Monday. The findings, they say, suggest that anyone diagnosed chlamydia infection or gonorrhea should return to their doctor in three months to be re-tested. People can't rely on symptoms to tell them they're infected, said study leader Dr. Thomas A. Peterman, a researcher with the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention."
Many teenage girls feel pressured into sex: study "Teenage girls commonly have sex not because they want to, but because they feel pressured into it - and the result may be a higher risk of sexually transmitted diseases and pregnancy, a new study suggests."
Many Teens Don't Use Condoms Correctly
New gonorrhoea strains are resistant to antibiotics
Out of Control: AIDS in Black America,
Rare Chlamydia Strain Infecting Gay Men
Rescreening May Be Needed After Diagnosis of Sexually Transmitted Infections "Patients diagnosed with a sexually transmitted infection (STI) are at high risk for reinfection with a new, asymptomatic STI, and they should therefore return in 3 months for rescreening …"
Sex may increase risk of mono virus
STIs a "hidden epidemic": SOGC "Physicians believe the infection rates are increasing, in part, because young people are engaging in more unprotected sex and because they believe oral sex is safer than it is ."
Straight HIV-positive men often put women at risk
Urethritis in Men Linked to Oral Sex
ARTICLES:
10 Questions To Ask Your New Partner Before Having Sex
Frequently Asked Questions About Sexually Transmitted Diseases
Genital Warts: Best Practices for Diagnosis and Management " Genital human papillomavirus (HPV) is the most common sexually transmitted infection, with an estimated 80% lifetime risk of acquiring HPV at least once.[1] Approximately 20 million men and women in the United States currently have HPV but are unaware that they are infected either because the virus is latent, or because its expressed state is asymptomatic, as it is with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN), and unrecognized.[2,3] More than 100 HPV types have been described, with approximately a third of these predominantly infecting the genital epithelium.[4]"
Issues in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Genital Herpes
Love hurts: living with herpes
Sexual Transmission of HIV Infection
JOURNAL ARTICLES:
A review on infection with Chlamydia trachomatis. (Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol. 2006) " Because the majority of women with chlamydial infection are asymptomatic, a proportion remains untreated and eventually develops pelvic inflammatory disease (PID). PID can result in ectopic pregnancy, infertility and chronic pelvic pain. Screening for chlamydial infection might reduce the incidence of complications of PID."
AIDS Survival Varies With HIV Subtype
Challenges in the control of gonorrhea in South America and the Caribbean: monitoring the development of resistance to antibiotics. (Sex Transm Dis. 2006)
Characteristics of Sexual Abuse in Childhood and Adolescence Influence Sexual Risk Behavior in Adulthood. (Arch Sex Behav. 2006) "These findings indicate that more severe sexual abuse is associated with riskier adult sexual behavior."
Chlamydia and Gonorrhea Re-infection among Males: A Systematic Review of Data to Evaluate the Need for Re- testing. (Sex Transm Infect. 2006) "CONCLUSIONS: We found substantial repeat CT and GC in men comparable to rates in women. Re-testing recommendations in men are appropriate given the high rate of re-infection. To optimize re-testing guidelines, we suggest further research to determine effective re- testing methods and establish factors associated with re- infection among males."
[Chlamydia trachomatis infections in teenagers.] (Hautarzt. 2006) "The results - 10% of the 17-year-old girls had an acute chlamydial infection after an average of 19 months of sexual activity - suggest that in Germany there is a hidden epidemic among adolescents. Adolescents are not adequately informed about the risks of CT infection; medical counseling is both desired and effective."
Circumcision Status and Risk of Sexually Transmitted Infection in Young Adult Males: An Analysis of a Longitudinal Birth Cohort (PEDIATRICS 2006) "CONCLUSIONS. These findings suggest that uncircumcised males are at greater risk of acquiring sexually transmitted infection than circumcised males. Male circumcision may reduce the risk of sexually transmitted infection acquisition and transmission by up to one half, suggesting substantial benefits accruing from routine neonatal circumcision."
Condom Use and Risk of Gonorrhea and Chlamydia: A Systematic Review of Design and Measurement Factors Assessed in Epidemiologic Studies. (Sex Transm Dis. 2006)
Condom Use and the Risk of Genital Human Papillomavirus Infection in Young Women (NEJM 2006) "Conclusions Among newly sexually active women, consistent condom use by their partners appears to reduce the risk of cervical and vulvovaginal HPV infection."
Diagnosis and Treatment of Chlamydia trachomatis Infection (Am Fam Physician 2006) "Chlamydia trachomatis infection most commonly affects the urogenital tract. In men, the infection usually is symptomatic, with dysuria and a discharge from the penis. Untreated chlamydial infection in men can spread to the epididymis. Most women with chlamydial infection have minimal or no symptoms, but some develop pelvic inflammatory disease. Chlamydial infection in newborns can cause ophthalmia neonatorum. Chlamydial pneumonia can occur at one to three months of age, manifesting as a protracted onset of staccato cough, usually without wheezing or fever."
Diagnosis and Treatment of Neisseria gonorrhoeae Infections (Am Fam Physician 2006)
Do French lay people and health professionals find it acceptable to breach confidentiality to protect a patient's wife from a sexually transmitted disease? (J Med Ethics. 2006)
Epidemiology of HIV/AIDS--United States, 1981-2005. (MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2006)
Estimates of HIV prevalence and incidence in Canada, 2005. (Can Commun Dis Rep. 2006)
European Surveillance of Sexually Transmitted Infections (ESSTI): the first combined antimicrobial susceptibility data for Neisseria gonorrhoeae in Western Europe. (J Antimicrob Chemother. 2006)
Factors associated with heterosexual transmission of HIV to individuals without a major risk within England, Wales, and Northern Ireland: a comparison with national probability surveys. (Sex Transm Infect. 2006)
Family Physicians' Knowledge of Genital Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Infection and HPV-related Conditions, United States, 2004. (Fam Med. 2006)
Human papillomavirus in the oral mucosa of women with genital human papillomavirus lesions (European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology 2006)
Gonorrhoea and male bladder cancer in a prospective study. (Br J Cancer. 2006) "In a prospective cohort study, a close to two-fold elevated risk of bladder cancer was found among men reporting a history of gonorrhoea …"
Gonorrhea: update. (Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2006) "Gonorrhea is a worldwide sexually transmitted disease (STD) caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Gonorrhea is the second most often reported STD in the United States behind chlamydia. An estimated 600,000 people each year in the United States are infected. Only about half this number of cases are reported. ... Antimicrobial resistance remains an important consideration in the treatment of gonorrhea. In 2003 the Gonococcal Isolate Surveillance Project found about 16% of collected isolates were resistant to penicillin and/or tetracycline. Since 1998 the number of ciprofloxacin-resistant isolates has been increasing with 270 (4.1%) being reported in 2003."
Herpes simplex virus and human papillomavirus infection in cervical disease in Argentine women. (Int J Gynecol Pathol. 2006)
High prevalence of sexually transmitted diseases among men who have sex with men in Jiangsu Province, China. (Sex Transm Dis. 2006)
HIV/AIDS, sexually transmitted diseases, and incarceration among women: national and southern perspectives. (Sex Transm Dis. 2006) "The prevalences of HIV and STDs are higher among female than male inmates (for HIV, approximately 3% to 2% nationally), and among the highest regional burdens of HIV are found among releasees from southern correctional facilities (26% of all people living with HIV in the south in 1999 were released from a prison or jail that same year) and among southern women releasees (15% of all women with HIV were correctional releasees). Taken together, these figures suggest that many southern women with HIV/AIDS and STDs, especially poor black women from rural areas, are found in prisons and jails, perhaps more so than in other parts of the country."
HPV16 and increased risk of recurrence after treatment for CIN. (Gynecol Oncol. 2006) "CONCLUSION.: Women treated for HPV16 containing CIN3 should be monitored more intensively because of their increased risk of post-treatment CIN3. Thus, the HPV genotype should be considered in post-treatment monitoring policies."
Investigation of a new diagnosis of multidrug-resistant, dual-tropic HIV-1 infection--New York City, 2005. (MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2006)
Male circumcision and risk of syphilis, chancroid, and genital herpes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. (Sex Transm Infect. 2006) "CONCLUSIONS: This first systematic review of male circumcision and ulcerative STI strongly indicates that circumcised men are at lower risk of chancroid and syphilis. There is less association with HSV-2. Potential male circumcision interventions to reduce HIV in high risk populations may provide additional benefit by protecting against other STI."
Management of Genital Herpes: Key Diagnostic and Treatment Principles "Approximately 22% of the US population over the age of 14 is infected with HSV-2,[2] but only about 10% of those infected are aware that they have genital herpes. Furthermore, there are approximately 1.6 million new HSV-2 infections per year in the United States alone. In addition to the 22% infected with HSV-2, it is estimated that an additional 10% of the population is infected with HSV-1 as a consequence of oral-genital contact. . "
Mycoplasma genitalium: prevalence, clinical significance, and transmission. (Sex Transm Infect. 2005)
Patient-delivered partner therapy for chlamydial infections: attitudes and practices of California physicians and nurse practitioners. (Sex Transm Dis. 2006) "OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to examine California clinicians' use of and attitudes toward patient-delivered partner therapy (PDPT) to treat sexual partners of patients infected with chlamydia. . Over 90% agreed that PDPT protects patients from reinfection and provides better care for patients with chlamydia. However, providers reported concerns that PDPT may result in incomplete care for the partner, may be dangerous without knowing the partner's medical or allergy history, is an activity the practice may not get paid for, and may get them sued. Obstetrics/gynecology and family practice physicians were more likely than internal medicine physicians to report routine use of PDPT. Concerns about adverse outcomes of PDPT were associated with less PDPT use."
Patient-Delivered Partner Treatment for Trichomonas vaginalis Infection: A Randomized Controlled Trial. (Sex Transm Dis. 2006)
Prevalence and risk factors of genital Chlamydia trachomatis infection. (Medicina (Kaunas). 2006) " Chlamydial infection is the most common among sexually transmitted genital infections worldwide. It has been found that the main risk factors for Chlamydia trachomatis infection are age, irregular and/or accidental sexual relationships and change of sexual partners, failure to use or erratic use of barrier contraception during intercourse, and insufficient knowledge about sexual life and care for one's sexual health."
Prevalence of Neisseria gonorrhoeae Among Men Screened for Chlamydia trachomatis in Four United States Cities, 1999-2003. (Sex Transm Dis. 2006) "CONCLUSIONS:: The high prevalence of gonorrhea in symptomatic men supports the importance of testing for symptomatic men."
Prevention of sexually transmitted human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in adolescents. (Curr HIV Res. 2006)
Syphilis in adults. (Sex Transm Infect. 2005)
The epidemiology of HIV/AIDS in women in the southern United States. (Sex Transm Dis. 2006) "RESULTS: The South is characterized by high AIDS and STD rates. The epidemic among southern women is distinguished by the predominance of heterosexually acquired infection, the disproportionate impact on blacks, the high proportion residing in rural areas, and multiple high-risk behaviors."
The Global HIV/AIDS pandemic, 2006. (MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2006)
Trichomoniasis and its treatment. (Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther. 2006)
Twenty-five years of HIV/AIDS--United States, 1981-2006. (MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2006)
Valacyclovir for the treatment of genital herpes. (Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther. 2006) "Valacyclovir is the only antiviral drug approved for a once-daily dose of suppressive therapy for genital herpes, as well as the only antiviral drug US FDA approved for a 3-day regimen of episodic treatment of recurrent genital herpes. In addition, valacyclovir is also indicated in the reduction of the sexual transmission of herpes simplex virus infection and for the treatment of herpes labialis. In herpes zoster, valacyclovir is more effective than acyclovir or placebo (and as equally effective as famciclovir) in shortening the length and severity of herpes zoster-associated pain and postherpetic neuralgia. Valacyclovir has an acceptable safety profile in patients with herpes simplex and herpes zoster. The less frequent dosing regimen makes it an attractive option in the treatment of genital herpes and other viral infections, and may contribute to increased patient adherence to therapy."
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