Water - Fluids - Dehydration - Heat Stroke
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Water - Fluids - Dehydration - Heat Stroke
General Information
NEWS:
Athletic trainers tell how to avoid heat illnesses "All athletes should be properly hydrated before they start any exercise session, according to a NATA statement, and all fluids should be replenished within no more than two hours after the exercise is completed. If signs of dehydration do appear, athletes should be moved to a cool environment and rehydrated, the NATA experts advise. Strenuous physical activity coupled with environmental heat stress can also lead to heat stroke, which is characterized by abnormalities in the central nervous system, or heat exhaustion, which describes the heart's inability to maintain a normal output. In both cases, an athlete may experience headache or dizziness. Those suffering from heat stroke may also be affected by seizures, confusion or other dysfunctions of the central nervous system, while athletes with heat exhaustion may lose coordination, sweat profusely, or experience stomach or intestinal cramps. The best treatment for exertional heat stroke is whole-body cooling, such as immediate immersion in cold water, according to the NATA statement. Athletes with heat exhaustion should be cooled in an air-conditioned area, lying down with their legs propped above their heart level, while undergoing heart rate, blood pressure and other medical monitoring. "
Dehydration and Sports: Children at Higher Risk Than Adults
Experts say marathoners should drink when thirsty "How much fluid should a marathon runner drink while racing? The answer depends on a variety of factors, but the best approach is to replace fluids in response to thirst, according to experts from the International Marathon Medical Directors Association (IMMDA) . . Athletes should also pay attention to their bodies so that they decrease their fluid consumption if they start urinating more frequently than normal or feel bloated. Also, they note, the body's thirst mechanism may take longer than normal to be stimulated in older individuals, and those who exercise in cooler temperatures."
Heat-Related Deaths in U.S. on the Rise "The vast majority of deaths believed linked to the triple-digit temperatures over the past two weeks were elderly people, whose bodies don't cope as well with such temperatures ."
Some Local Drinking Water Contains Too Much Fluoride
Taking innovative steps to stop heatstroke
Tap water may raise bladder cancer risk: study
ARTICLES:
A systematic review of guidelines for the prevention of heat illness in community-based sports participants and officials. (J Sci Med Sport. 2006)
NGC - Dehydration and fluid maintenance. (2001)
NGC - Hydration management. (2004)
JOURNAL ARTICLES:
A typology of oral hydration problems exhibited by frail nursing home residents. (J Gerontol Nurs. 2006) "Dehydration remains a substantial problem for nursing home residents, often with poor health outcomes. . Dehydration events occurred in 31% (11 of 35) of residents during the 6-month period. A typology of hydration problems was developed from the field observations. The typology consists of four groups (i.e., Can Drink, Can't Drink, Won't Drink, End of Life) and six corresponding subgroups. Demographic and hydration characteristics of the subgroups were compared and contrasted. Comparisons revealed the Won't Drink group is most vulnerable to dehydration events because this group has the highest percentage of dehydration events (58%, 4 of 7), the highest average specific gravity, and the lowest consumption of fluids during meals."
Age, dehydration and fatigue crack growth in dentin. (Biomaterials. 2006)
Drinking Water and Women's Health (J Midwifery Womens Health. 2006)
Exercise associated hyponatraemia: quantitative analysis to understand the aetiology. (Br J Sports Med. 2006) "CONCLUSIONS: Actions to prevent hyponatraemia should focus on minimising overdrinking relative to sweating rate and attenuating salt depletion in those who excrete salty sweat. This simulation demonstrates the complexity of defining fluid and electrolyte consumption rates during athletic competition."
Exercise Tolerance in a Hot and Humid Climate in Heat-Acclimatized Girls and Women. (Int J Sports Med. 2006)
Exercise-Associated Hyponatremia: Role of Cytokines (The American Journal of Medicine 2006)
Exertional heat stroke during a cool weather marathon: a case study. (Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2006) "Exertional heat stroke can occur in cool conditions, and rectal temperature should be checked in all collapsed runners who do not progress with rapid recovery of vital signs and cognitive function. Runners should be instructed not to compete when ill and should not use nonparticipant pacers during the runs."
Heat stroke deaths caused by electric blankets: case report and review of the literature. (Am J Forensic Med Pathol. 2006)
Heat-related deaths--United States, 1999-2003. (MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2006)
Human adenoviruses in water: occurrence and health implications: a critical review. (Environ Sci Technol. 2006) "Adenoviruses are important human pathogens that are responsible for both enteric illnesses and respiratory and eye infections. Recently, these viruses have been found to be prevalent in rivers, coastal waters, swimming pool waters, and drinking water supplies worldwide. United Sates Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) listed adenovirus as one of nine microorganisms on the Contamination Candidate List for drinking water because their survival characteristic during water treatment is not yet fully understood."
Hyperkalemia. (Am Fam Physician. 2006) "Hyperkalemia is a potentially life-threatening metabolic problem caused by inability of the kidneys to excrete potassium, impairment of the mechanisms that move potassium from the circulation into the cells, or a combination of these factors. Acute episodes of hyperkalemia commonly are triggered by the introduction of a medication affecting potassium homeostasis; illness or dehydration also can be triggers."
Keep it Cool with Hot Weather Advice for Older People "Heat stroke is especially dangerous for older people and requires emergency medical attention. A person with heat stroke has a body temperature above 104 and may have symptoms such as confusion, combativeness, bizarre behavior, faintness, staggering, strong rapid pulse, dry flushed skin, lack of sweating, possible delirium or coma. The temperature does not have to hit 100 for a person to be at risk for hyperthermia. Both an individual's general health and/or lifestyle may increase the threat of a heat-related illness."
Major contributors to inorganic arsenic intake in southeastern Michigan. (Int J Hyg Environ Health. 2006) "Results indicate that arsenic in home drinking water is the largest source of inorganic arsenic, accounting for 55.1% of the variance in the intake estimates. Food intake explains 37.3% of the variance, with rice being the largest contributor. In the upper decile of intake, consumption of plain water and beverages made with water at home, and ingestion of arsenic in water at work, also contribute to intake estimates."
Mortality of patients with heatstroke admitted to intensive care units during the 2003 heat wave in France: a national multiple-center risk-factor study. (Crit Care Med. 2006) "OBJECTIVE: Heatstroke requires active body cooling and organ failure supportive care. Although heat waves are expected to recur over the next decades, little is known about the risk factors for mortality in heatstroke patients. We examined the prognosis and risk factors for hospital mortality in patients with heatstroke admitted to an intensive care unit (ICU) during the heat wave in France in August 2003. . Occurrence of heatstroke at home or in a healthcare facility rather than in a public location, high Simplified Acute Physiology Score II, high body temperature, prolonged prothrombin time, use of vasoactive drugs within the first day in the ICU, and patient management in an ICU without air conditioning were independently associated with an increased risk of death. CONCLUSIONS: Mortality of patients admitted to the ICU with heatstroke is high. Predictors of mortality are available within the first 24 hrs after admission. Furthermore, in this study, air conditioning in the ICU was associated with improved outcome."
No effect of 5% hypohydration on running economy of competitive runners at 23 degrees C. (Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2006)
Oral glutamine enhances heat shock protein expression and improves survival following hyperthermia. (Shock. 2006) "No pharmacologic agent has shown benefit in treating heatstroke. Previous data indicate that enhanced heat shock protein 70 (HSP-70) expression can improve survival postexperimental heatstroke. Glutamine (GLN) can enhance HSP-70 expression in other injury models. This study assessed if orally administered GLN could enhance tissue HSP expression and could improve survival following whole body hyperthermia. . These data indicate that oral GLN may useful in prevention of mortality from heatstroke in at risk populations."
Oral hydration in older adults: greater awareness is needed in preventing, recognizing, and treating dehydration. (Am J Nurs. 2006)
Oral versus intravenous rehydration for treating dehydration due to gastroenteritis in children. (Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006) "AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: Although no clinically important differences between ORT and IVT, the ORT group did have a higher risk of paralytic ileus, and the IVT group was exposed to risks of intravenous therapy. For every 25 children (95% CI 14 to 100) treated with ORT one would fail and require IVT."
[Parasites as a cause of urticaria : Helminths and protozoa as triggers of hives?] (Hautarzt. 2006)
[Peripheral polyneuropathy after heat stroke.] (Ann Fr Anesth Reanim. 2006)
Risk factors for heatstroke among Japanese forestry workers. (J Occup Health. 2006) " . variables associated with the development of heatstroke symptoms . frequency of urination, hotness, BMI and years of forestry work . the results indicate that a short duration of forestry service was one of the risk factors contributing to the onset of heatstroke, in addition to heat stress, loss of body water and electrolytes, and obesity."
Surveillance for waterborne disease and outbreaks associated with drinking water and water not intended for drinking--United States, 2003-2004. (MMWR Surveill Summ. 2006)
Surveillance for waterborne disease and outbreaks associated with recreational water--United States, 2003-2004. (MMWR Surveill Summ. 2006)
The 'natural' endpoint of dementia: death from cachexia or dehydration following palliative care? (Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2006)
The role of oral fluid intake following adeno-tonsillectomy. (Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2006)
Training the gut for competition. (Curr Sports Med Rep. 2006) "The gut is an important athletic organ because it mediates water and nutrient uptake during exercise. . Proper training and nutrition minimize the risk of gastrointestinal discomfort during exercise by assuring rapid gastric emptying and absorption of water and nutrients and by maintaining adequate perfusion of the splanchnic vasculature."
Water and electrolyte needs for football training and match-play. (J Sports Sci. 2006) "Sodium is the main electrolyte lost in sweat and the available data indicate considerable variability in sodium losses between players due to differences in sweating rate and sweat electrolyte concentration. Additionally, the extent of sodium loss is such that its replacement will be warranted for some of these players during training sessions and matches."
What physicians can do to prevent illnesses related to drinking water (CMAJ 2006)
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