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Also review Related Articles: Autism, Conduct and Oppositional Defiant Disorders.

ADD - ADHD

NIH - Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

"According to the most recent version of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders2 (DSM-IV-TR), there are three patterns of behavior that indicate ADHD. People with ADHD may show several signs of being consistently inattentive. They may have a pattern of being hyperactive and impulsive far more than others of their age. Or they may show all three types of behavior. This means that there are three subtypes of ADHD recognized by professionals. These are the predominantly hyperactive-impulsive type (that does not show significant inattention); the predominantly inattentive type (that does not show significant hyperactive-impulsive behavior) sometimes called ADD—an outdated term for this entire disorder; and the combined type (that displays both inattentive and hyperactive-impulsive symptoms)."

Highlighted Article

[The addictive potential of methylphenidate.] (Psychiatr Prax. 2007)

"CONCLUSIONS According to the "experienced" drug users, there is a mild to moderate abuse potential of methylphenidate. However, its effects are not comparable with amphetamine or cocaine.)."

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Attention Deficit Disorder and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

General Information

NEWS:

ADHD in Children With Comorbid Conditions: Diagnosis, Misdiagnosis, and Keeping Tabs on Both "There is a complex interplay between ADHD and its commonly occurring comorbid psychiatric disorders, such as oppositional defiant disorder (ODD), conduct disorder (CD), anxiety, depression, bipolar disorder (BPD), and substance abuse. Comorbidity greatly influences presentation, diagnosis, and prognosis; complicates treatment; and significantly increases the morbidity and disease burden of ADHD.[6] When ADHD is comorbid with another psychiatric disorder, it is often the first disorder to develop, and children with severe ADHD symptoms have a higher likelihood of developing other psychiatric disorders.[1] When evaluating for comorbid conditions, the clinician should attempt to determine whether one "primary" condition can fully account for the most disabling and distressing symptoms. If a primary condition can fully explain such symptoms, then the other condition should not be diagnosed. For example, if a patient has ADHD symptoms only during episodes of bipolarity, ADHD would not be diagnosed. "

Blue-blocking Glasses To Improve Sleep And ADHD Symptoms Developed

Brain Studies Show ADHD Is Real Disease "Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a real disease linked to changes in production of the brain chemical dopamine, two new reports suggest. In the first report, researchers found that a variant of the dopamine receptor gene may help cause the behavioral condition but also improve its long-term outcome. ... In a second study, scientists found that, in contrast to the common wisdom, ADHD is associated with lowered dopamine production. Both reports were published in the August issue of the Archives of General Psychiatry."

Bullying and attention-deficit-hyperactivity disorder in 10-year-olds in a Swedish community. (Dev Med Child Neurol. 2007) “This study demonstrates a connection between ADHD and bullying in the peer group at school. Evaluation and treatment strategies for ADHD need to include assessment and effective interventions for bullying. Evaluation of ADHD should be considered in children involved in bullying.”

Girls With ADHD Are at Increased Risk for Eating Disorders and Depression " "People who have certain characteristics with ADHD such as conduct disorders, eating disorders, or depression require very different treatment and follow a more complicated path as they grow into adulthood," he added. "

Study: ADHD kids' brain areas develop slower "Developing more slowly in ADHD youngsters -- the lag can be as much as three years -- are brain regions that suppress inappropriate actions and thoughts, focus attention, remember things from moment to moment, work for reward and control movement. … "Finding a normal pattern of cortex maturation, albeit delayed, in children with ADHD should be reassuring to families and could help to explain why many youth eventually seem to grow out of the disorder," Shaw said in a statement. … Delayed in the ADHD children was development of the higher-order functions and areas which coordinate those with the motor areas."

Will Kids Outgrow ADHD? "Does this mean that my child will outgrow his ADHD symptoms by the time he's a teen? .Perhaps. "[The study] doesn't show that the brains of kids with ADHD completely 'normalize' by age 12 or so," the study's lead author, Philip Shaw, wrote in an e-mail last week. "We only looked at one aspect of brain development. Many other structural and functional brain differences persist in the brains of teens with ADHD." "While a lot of people with ADHD do improve with age, as many as two-thirds still have symptoms of the disorder which persist into adulthood," Shaw said. Among possible explanations: There may be more than one genetic variant of the disorder, or perhaps some kids with ADHD have other conditions that are responsible for their symptoms. "

ARTICLES:

JOURNAL ARTICLES:

Academic and Educational Outcomes of Children With ADHD. (J Pediatr Psychol. 2007 Jun)

ADHD and gender: are risks and sequela of ADHD the same for boys and girls? (J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2007)

[ADHD prevalence in four Brazilian public schools] (Arq Neuropsiquiatr. 2007) "CONCLUSION: ADHD prevalence in a sample of school-aged children (13%) was higher than the rate that traditionally has been mentioned (3-5%). Boys were more frequently affected than girls and the most prevalent ADHD subtype was the combined subtype, and the latter two findings are concordant with previous studies."

Are Girls with ADHD at Risk for Eating Disorders? Results from a Controlled, Five-Year Prospective Study. (J Dev Behav Pediatr. 2007) "CONCLUSIONS:: ADHD significantly increases the risk of eating disorders. The presence of an eating disorder in girls with ADHD heightens the risk of additional morbidity and dysfunction."

Associations between symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, depression, and suicide in Korean female adolescents. (Depress Anxiety. 2007)

Attention and executive functions profile in drug naive ADHD subtypes. (Brain Dev. 2007)

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Symptoms Predict Nicotine Dependence and Progression to Regular Smoking from Adolescence to Young Adulthood. (J Pediatr Psychol. 2007)

Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder moderates the life stress pathway to alcohol problems in children of alcoholics. (Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2007) "Conclusions: These results provide preliminary support for the hypothesis that offspring characteristics might moderate the life stress pathway to alcoholism, and indicate that ADHD may serve to facilitate the transmission of pathological alcohol use from parent to child."

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and social dysfunctioning. (Clin Psychol Rev. 2007)

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder is characterized by a delay in cortical maturation. (Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2007)

Autistic traits in a population-based ADHD twin sample. (J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2007)

Axis I and II comorbidity in adults with ADHD. ( Abnorm Psychol. 2007 )

[Comorbidity of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in different age group.] (Beijing Da Xue Xue Bao. 2007)

Depressive Symptomatology in Child and Adolescent Twins With Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and/or Developmental Coordination Disorder. (Twin Res Hum Genet. 2007)

Do individuals with ADHD self-medicate with cigarettes and substances of abuse? Results from a controlled family study of ADHD. (Am J Addict. 2007)

Effects of Inattention and Hyperactivity/Impulsivity Symptoms on Development of Nicotine Dependence from Mid Adolescence to Young Adulthood. (J Pediatr Psychol. 2007)

Few Preschool Boys and Girls with ADHD are Well-Adjusted During Adolescence. (J Abnorm Child Psychol. 2007)

Food additives and hyperactive behaviour in 3-year-old and 8/9-year-old children in the community: a randomised, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial (The Lancet 2007) "Artificial colours or a sodium benzoate preservative (or both) in the diet result in increased hyperactivity in 3-year-old and 8/9-year-old children in the general population."

How common are symptoms of ADHD in typically developing preschoolers? A study on prevalence rates and prenatal/demographic risk factors. (Cortex. 2007)

Is attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder associated with illicit substance use disorders in male adolescents? A community-based case-control study. (Addiction. 2007)

Maternal depression and early positive parenting predict future conduct problems in young children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. (Dev Psychol. 2007) " These findings suggest that maternal depression is a risk factor, whereas early positive parenting is a protective factor, for the developmental course of conduct problems among children with ADHD."

[Motor assessment in school-aged children with indicators of the attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder.] (Rev Neurol. 2007) " CONCLUSIONS. These results are in line with studies that suggest the existence of alterations in the motor coordination of children with symptoms of ADHD."

Motor coordination problems in children and adolescents with ADHD rated by parents and teachers: effects of age and gender. (J Neural Transm. 2007)

Nature of anxiety comorbid with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children from a pediatric primary care setting. (Psychiatry Res. 2008)

Overweight/obesity and attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder tendency among adolescents in China. (Int J Obes (Lond). 2007) " Conclusion:ADHD tendency is associated with overweight/obesity among adolescents. Clinician should be aware of the increased risk of ADHD among obese adolescents. ADHD should be assessed and proper treatment should be provided in the management of obese."

Parenting, Family Loneliness, and Peer Functioning in Boys with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. (J Abnorm Child Psychol. 2007)

Peer victimization in children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. (J Child Health Care. 2007)

Prevalence and Psychiatric Comorbidity of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in an Adolescent Finnish Population. (J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2007) "CONCLUSIONS:: ADHD is a common neurobehavioral disorder among Northern Finnish adolescents and significantly associated with psychiatric comorbidity in adolescence."

[Prevalence of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and its comorbidities in a sample of school-aged children] (Arq Neuropsiquiatr. 2007) “RESULTS: The prevalence of ADHD was 8.6%. Comorbidities were present in 58% of the cases and oppositional-defiant disorder was the most common, found in 38.5%. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of ADHD and its comorbidities in this sample is similar to that observed in the literature.”

Prevalence, Recognition, and Treatment of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in a National Sample of US Children (Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2007) "Of the children, 8.7% met DSM-IV criteria for ADHD."

[Risk factors of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder comorbid with oppositional defiant disorder in children.] (Beijing Da Xue Xue Bao. 2007)

Risky Driving in Adolescents and Young Adults with Childhood ADHD. (J Pediatr Psychol. 2007)

Sleep disturbances in 50 children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. (Arq Neuropsiquiatr. 2007)

Sleep patterns in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, tic disorder, and comorbidity. (J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2007)

The prevalence of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in preschool-age children in mashhad, north-East of iran. (Arch Iran Med. 2007)

Time perception deficit in children with ADHD. (Brain Res. 2007)

Towards further understanding of the co-morbidity between attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and bipolar disorder: a MRI study of brain volumes. (Psychol Med. 2007)

Working memory and inattentive behaviour in a community sample of children. (Behav Brain Funct. 2007) "Conclusion: These results are consistent with previous research linking visual-spatial deficits and poor attention in ADHD and normal populations. The present findings support a controlled attention model of WM."

 

 

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