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Aging - Dehydration
Strategies for ensuring good hydration in the elderly. (Nutr Rev. 2005)
"Dehydration is a frequent etiology of morbidity and mortality in elderly people. It causes the hospitalization of many patients and its outcome may be fatal. Indeed, dehydration is often linked to infection, and if it is overlooked, mortality may be over 50%. Older individuals have been shown to have a higher risk of developing dehydration than younger adults. Modifications in water metabolism with aging and fluid imbalance in the frail elderly are the main factors to consider in the prevention of dehydration. Particularly, a decrease in the fat free mass, which is hydrated and contains 73% water, is observed in the elderly due to losses in muscular mass, total body water, and bone mass. Since water intake is mainly stimulated by thirst, and since the thirst sensation decreases with aging, risk factors for dehydration are those that lead to a loss of autonomy or a loss of cognitive function that limit the access to beverages."
Highlighted Article
A typology of oral hydration problems exhibited by frail nursing home residents. (J Gerontol Nurs. 2006)
"Dehydration remains a substantial problem for nursing home residents, often with poor health outcomes. … Dehydration events occurred in 31% (11 of 35) of residents during the 6-month period."
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Aging and Anti-Aging
General Information
NEWS:
Adults lose lean mass, gain fat as they age
Aging Isn't About Slowing Down, Experts Say " "We can teach older adults to get rid of those old beliefs that becoming sedentary is just a normal part of growing older. We can teach them that they can and should remain physically active at all ages," lead author Dr. Catherine Sarkisian, an assistant professor of geriatrics at UCLA's David Geffen School of Medicine, said in a prepared statement. "
Annual Flu Shots May Be of Little Benefit to the Elderly "In most high-income countries, one of the strategies of vaccination policy against influenza is to target people 65 years of age and older in hopes of decreasing the mortality burden of influenza. However, the apparent benefits of this strategy may have been exaggerated by frailty selection bias, in which healthier elderly are vaccinated more often than frail elderly, as well as by the use of all-cause mortality and other nonspecific trial endpoints. When these factors are considered, the authors suggest that the remaining evidence base is at present insufficient to determine the magnitude of the mortality benefit, if any, that influenza vaccination offers the elderly. Few trials demonstrating the efficacy of influenza vaccination have included elderly people, but those that have done so have indicated that clinical benefits and antibody responses decrease as age increases for individuals older than 70 years."
Food Pyramid for Older Adults Gets an Update: Added emphasis on physical activity joins USDA guidance on nutrition and healthy weight “The Modified MyPyramid for Older Adults still emphasizes nutrient-dense foods and the importance of fluid balance but now provides more guidance about the types of foods that best meet the unique needs of older adults and places added emphasis on physical activity.”
Japanese women, Icelandic men live longest Japan’s women have topped the world’s longevity ranks for 22 years, something researchers have attributed to their healthy diet and tight social ties, among other factors. … After the Japanese, Taiwanese women are the world’s second longest-lived at 84.6 years, then Spanish and Swiss women at 83.9 years, the report said."
WHO Unveils Life Expectancy Statistics "A boy born in San Marino, a tiny republic surrounded by Italy, will likely live to age 80, the world's longest male life expectancy, but newborn girls in Japan and 30 other countries have even better prospects, the World Health Organization said Friday. Sierra Leone registered the shortest male life expectancy at 37 years -- the same as that of girls in Swaziland, who were at the bottom of the female list, WHO's "World Health Statistics 2007" show. Females in Japan, who traditionally lead the world tables, have a life expectancy of 86 years, the same as last year's statistics. San Marino men, who tied with Japanese men last year at 79, added a year to get ahead. Men in the United States have a 75-year life expectancy; U.S. women could reach 80."
ARTICLES:
Depression Is Not a Normal Part of Growing Older
How The Five Senses Change With Age
Strength, Balance Key to Preventing Falls in Elderly
Zinc Supplementation May Decrease Incidence of Infections in the Elderly
JOURNAL ARTICLES:
Aging and sexuality in women. (Minerva Ginecol. 2007)
Ageing and the brain (The Journal of Pathology 2007) "Loss of neurons is now recognized to be more modest than initial studies suggested and only affects some neuron populations. Accompanying loss of neurons is some reduction in the size of remaining neurons. This reflects a reduced size of dendritic and axonal arborizations. Some of the likely causes of these changes, including free radical damage resulting from a high rate of oxidative metabolism in neurons, glycation and dysregulation of intracellular calcium homeostasis, are discussed. The roles of genes and environmental factors in causing and responding to ageing changes are explored."
Blood Pressure and Survival in the Oldest Old (Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2007) "In a cohort of very old, hypertensive veterans, in subjects with controlled BPs, subjects with lower BP levels had a lower 5-year survival than those with higher BPs. This suggests that clinicians should use caution in their approach to BP lowering in this age group."
Caffeinated beverage intake and the risk of heart disease mortality in the elderly: a prospective analysis (American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2007) "Conclusion:Habitual intake of caffeinated beverages provided protection against the risk of heart disease mortality among elderly participants in this prospective epidemiologic analysis."
Cellular Reorganization in the Human Retina during Normal Aging. (Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2007) "CONCLUSIONS: Rod and On-cone bipolar cells, as well as horizontal cells of the human retina, undergo extensive dendritic reorganization during normal aging. Although literature on aging has tended to emphasize degenerative and regressive changes, the present findings provide evidence for a remarkable degree of cellular plasticity in the aged human retina."
Changes in markers of cobalamin status after cessation of oral B-vitamin supplements in elderly people with mild cobalamin deficiency. (Eur J Clin Nutr. 2007) "Mildly cobalamin-deficient elderly were supplemented with 1000 mug cobalamin (group C, n=34), 1000 mug cobalamin with 400 mug folic acid (group CF, n=31) or a placebo (n=30) for 6 months. … oral supplementation may afford adequate cobalamin status for a period of up to 5 months after cessation in the majority of participants."
Characteristics of Framingham Offspring Participants With Long-lived Parents (Arch Intern Med. 2007) "Conclusions Our findings suggest that individuals with long-lived parents have advantageous cardiovascular risk profiles in middle age compared with those whose parents died younger. The risk factor advantage persists over time."
Cognitive function, body weight and body composition in geriatric patients. (Z Gerontol Geriatr. 2007) "Findings of this study indicate that patients with cognitive dysfunction lose substantial amounts of body weight, related to the degree of cognitive dysfunction. In this connection, female subjects seem to lose more weight than male subjects. At the same time female subjects predominantly lose FM, whereas male subjects seem to lose mainly FFM. Therefore patients with cognitive dysfunction should be regularly screened for weight loss and malnutrition to enable early nutritional intervention to prevent relevant weight loss. Future studies on weight loss in dementia should consider gender-related differences in body composition and weight loss."
Daytime sleepiness, exercise, and physical function in older adults. (J Sleep Res. 2007) "The conclusion was that daytime sleepiness in older adults is associated with physical functional impairments and decreased exercise frequency. The findings suggest that sleepiness in older adults is not benign but has implications for continued physical decline and warrants attention."
Effects of antioxidant supplementation on the aging process. (Clin Interv Aging. 2007)
Effects of zinc supplementation on antioxidant enzyme activities in healthy old subjects. (Exp Gerontol. 2007) “These data suggest the potential beneficial effects of Zn supplementation on Zn-dependent antioxidant enzymes in healthy elderly subjects.”
Frailty in Older Men: Prevalence, Progression, and Relationship with Mortality (Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2007) "Frailty was somewhat more common in African Americans (6.6%) and Asians (5.8%) than Caucasians (3.8%). At the second visit, men who were frail at baseline tended to remain frail (24.2%) or die (37.1%) or were unable to complete the follow-up visit (26.2%); robust men tended to remain robust (54.4%). Frail men were approximately twice as likely to die as robust men …"
Frailty is Associated With Incident Alzheimer's Disease and Cognitive Decline in the Elderly. (Psychosom Med. 2007) "Conclusion: Increasing frailty is associated with incident AD and the rate of cognitive decline in older persons. These findings suggest that frailty and AD may share similar etiologies."
Frequent Napping Is Associated With Excessive Daytime Sleepiness, Depression, Pain, and Nocturia in Older Adults: Findings From the National Sleep Foundation '2003 Sleep in America' Poll. (Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2007) "In addition to older age and a strong association with excessive daytime sleepiness, other factors that independently increased prevalence included a diagnosis of depression, bodily pain, and nocturia."
Hearing and aging. (CMAJ. 2007) "Clinically significant hearing loss is the third most common condition among older adults. It is present in about 25%–40% of people over 65 years of age, 50% of those over 75, and 80% of those over 85 years1 — becoming, with aging, the rule rather than the exception."
IANA Task Force on Nutrition and Cognitive Decline with Aging. (J Nutr Health Aging. 2007)
Inflammation and Frailty in Older Women (Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2007) "Higher WBC counts and IL-6 levels were independently associated with prevalent frailty in community-dwelling older women."
Low systolic blood pressure is associated with impaired cognitive function in the oldest old: longitudinal observations in a population-based sample 80 years and older. (Aging Clin Exp Res. 2007) "RESULTS: A medical history of arterial hypertension was associated with lower MMSE scores and a higher prevalence of dementia and cognitive decline at baseline. However, intact cognition through the observation period was associated with higher baseline SBP. This relationship also remained when the frailty of aging subjects, indicated by remaining time to death, was taken into account. CONCLUSIONS: Lower SBP in the oldest old is associated with an increased risk of cognitive impairment even after adjustment for compromised vitality. In late life, the risk of cognitive decline needs to be considered in clinical practice."
Low testosterone levels and decline in physical performance and muscle strength in older men: findings from two prospective cohort studies. (Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2007) "Conclusions Low levels of TT and FT were neither associated with 3-year decline in physical performance nor with 3-year decline in muscle strength in two independent samples of older men."
Melatonin and the aging brain. (Neurochem Int. 2007)
Mitochondria in aging and Alzheimer's disease. (Rejuvenation Res. 2007) "We speculate that age-related somatic mutation of mitochondrial DNA may be an important factor underlying sporadic Alzheimer's disease."
Most American Seniors Live With Chronic Disease: More needs to be done to encourage exercise, healthy eating, CDC report says "Eight of 10 Americans age 65 or older are living with heart disease, diabetes or some other form of chronic illness, according to a new report by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)."
Multivitamin use and B vitamin status in a homebound elderly population. (J Nutr Health Aging. 2007)
Neuropathies in the older patient (Reviews in Clinical Gerontology (2006/2007) ) "The elderly population is at higher risk of peripheral neuropathy, as there is a correlation between age and impairment of the peripheral nervous system. The natural aging process affects adversely the function of peripheral nerves and of their target organs, resulting in the development of motor, sensory and autonomic symptoms in the absence of additional damage of other causes. In addition, the increased prevalence of chronic systemic disorders causing neuropathy, as well as the use of neurotoxic drugs in older patients, contribute to the onset of neuropathy."
Nutrition, Inflammation, and Leptin Levels in Aging and Frailty. (J Am Geriatr Soc. 2007)
Prognostic implications of hyponatremia in elderly hospitalized patients. (Arch Gerontol Geriatr. 2007) "We conclude that hyponatremia in elderly in-patients is common. Drop in serum sodium during admission was strongly associated with increased length of stay and loss of independence."
Reduced age-related cataracts among elderly persons who reach age 90 with preserved cognition: a biomarker of successful aging? (J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2007) "The principal finding of this report was that the SAG group manifested a significant reduction in the age-specific rate and lifetime cumulative incidence of ARC compared to the general population. Steroid use, alcohol consumption, gout, and skin lesions resulting from excessive sun exposure emerged as risk factors. Our findings suggest that the progressive development of lens opacities may be reflective of degenerative events occurring more generally throughout the body."
Reduction of falls and osteoporotic fractures: Plain vitamin D or D-hormone analogs? (Geriatrics & Gerontology International 2007)
Retinal vessel diameter and cardiovascular mortality: pooled data analysis from two older populations. (Eur Heart J. 2007) "Conclusion Retinal vessel diameter may predict risk of CHD and stroke deaths in middle-aged persons."
Serum Calcium and Cognitive Function in Old Age (Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2007) "CONCLUSION: In the general population, high serum calcium levels are associated with faster decline in cognitive function over the age of 75."
Short term caloric restriction induces accumulation of myocardial triglycerides and decreases left ventricular diastolic function in healthy subjects. (Diabetes. 2007)
Sleep and aging: 1. Sleep disorders commonly found in older people. (CMAJ. 2007)
Sleep and aging: 2. Management of sleep disorders in older people. (CMAJ. 2007)
Telomere length is paternally inherited and is associated with parental lifespan. (Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2007)
The aging kidney: role of endothelial oxidative stress and inflammation. (Acta Physiol Hung. 2007) "One of the most prominent organs affected by aging is the kidney. There is evidence that age-associated phenotypic changes may be an important cause of renal failure. We propose that vascular oxidative stress and inflammation are generalized phenomena during senescence, which importantly contribute to the morphological and functional changes in the aging kidney."
The importance of plasma membrane coenzyme Q in aging and stress responses. (Mitochondrion. 2007)
THE INFLUENCE OF AGING ON PHARYNGEAL COLLAPSIBILITY DURING SLEEP. (Chest. 2007)
The metabolic syndrome is associated with decelerated cognitive decline in the oldest old. (Neurology. 2007) "CONCLUSION: The association between the metabolic syndrome and accelerated cognitive decline, which has been reported in persons up to age 75, is not evident in a population of the oldest old. The concept of the metabolic syndrome may be less valid in this age group."
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