Autism and Asperger
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Autism and Asperger
NIH - Medical Encyclopedia Autism
"Most parents of autistic children suspect that something is wrong by the time the child is 18 months old and seek help by the time the child is 2. Children with autism typically have difficulties in verbal and nonverbal communication, social interactions, and pretend play. In some, aggression -- toward others or self -- may be present. Some children with autism appear normal before age 1 or 2 and then suddenly "regress" and lose language or social skills they had previously gained. This is called the regressive type of autism. People with autism may perform repeated body movements, show unusual attachments to objects or have unusual distress when routines are changed. Individuals may also experience sensitivities in the senses …"
NIH - Medical Encyclopedia Asperger syndrome
"The child with Asperger shows below-average nonverbal communication gestures, fails to develop peer relationships, has an inability to express pleasure in other people's happiness, and lacks the ability to reciprocate emotionally in normal social interactions. The condition appears to be more common in boys than in girls. There are likely genetic factors, but some theories suggest a prenatal infection may be to blame. While people with Asperger syndrome are frequently socially inept, many have above-average intelligence, and they may excel in fields like computer programming and science. There is no delay in cognitive development, in the development of age-appropriate self-help skills, or in curiosity about the environment. Generally, there is no language development delay."
Highlighted Articles
A Prospective Study of Response to Name in Infants at Risk for Autism (Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2007)
"Conclusions Failure to respond to name by age 12 months is highly suggestive of developmental abnormality but does not identify all children at risk for developmental problems. Lack of responding to name is not universal among infants later diagnosed with ASD and/or other developmental delays. Poor response to name may be a trait of the broader autism phenotype in infancy."
Structure of the Autism Symptom Phenotype: A Proposed Multidimensional Model. (Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry. 2007)
"Conclusions: The pervasive developmental disorder symptom phenotype is composed of three domains or factors: social-communication, inflexible language and behavior, and repetitive sensory and motor behavior. Each child with pervasive developmental disorder can be characterized by these dimensions, which give an informative picture of the clinical presentation and a quantitative estimate of the severity of the disability."
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Autism and Asperger
General Information
NEWS:
A New Approach to Correcting Autism “Roughly 1 in 3,600 people have Fragile X Syndrome, with boys more severely affected than girls. People with the disorder tend to have elongated faces and prominent ears; about half of them fall somewhere on the autism spectrum and most are mentally retarded or learning disabled as well. Fragile X occurs when the brain fails to produce normal quantities of a chemical known as the Fragile X mental retardation protein, or FMRP. This protein appears to act as a brake on the production of other proteins in the brain, including those associated with learning and memory. Without enough FMRP, protein production spins out of control, like a runaway train.”
Autism Debate Strains a Family and Its Charity "The Wrights’ venture was also an effort to end the internecine warfare in the world of autism — where some are convinced that the disorder is genetic and best treated with intensive therapy, and others blame preservatives in vaccinations and swear by supplements and diet to cleanse the body of heavy metals."
Autism Group Launches Web Site Aimed at Forewarning Parents (ABC News Nightline)
Autism rate in U.S. higher than thought "The largest U.S. study of childhood autism to date has found that about 1 in 150 have the disorder — a higher prevalence than previous national estimates."
Autism symptoms can improve into adulthood "For all major symptoms of autism, 'the percentage of people who improved was always greater than the percentage who worsened,' Shattuck said in a statement 'if there was significant symptom change over time, it was always in the direction of improvement, though there was always a group in the middle that showed no change.' "
Autistic Kids Have Difficulties Learning Words "Young autistic children have difficulty recognizing ordinary words, and their brains become overtaxed as a result, according to a University of Washington study."
Autistic Toddlers Easily Study Photos of Faces "A team from the Yale University School of Medicine also found that toddlers with an autism spectrum disorder (ASD) spent most of the time examining the eyes of people in photographs."
Boys with Autism, Related Disorders, Have High Levels of Growth Hormones
Effects of autism 'long-lasting' "Almost half of adults with autism in England live with their parents, a National Autistic Society report says."
Mercury Preservative Doesn't Up Autism Risk
NEW AAP REPORTS HELP PEDIATRICIANS IDENTIFY AND MANAGE AUTISM EARLIER "Language delays usually prompt parents to raise concerns to their child’s pediatrician – usually around 18 months of age. However, there are earlier subtle signs that if detected could lead to earlier diagnosis. These include: • not turning when the parent says the baby’s name; • not turning to look when the parent points says, “Look at…” and not pointing themselves to show parents an interesting object or event; • lack of back and forth babbling; • smiling late; and • failure to make eye contact with people. Most children, at some time during early development, form attachments with a stuffed animal, special pillow or blanket. Children with ASDs may prefer hard items (ballpoint pens, flashlight, keys, action figures, etc.). They may insist on holding the object at all times. … Early intervention is crucial for effective treatment. The report strongly advises intervention as soon as an ASD diagnosis is seriously considered rather than deferring until a definitive diagnosis is made. The child should be actively engaged in intensive intervention at least 25 hours per week, 12 months per year with a low student-to-teacher ratio allowing for sufficient one-on-one time. … Tantrums, aggressive behaviors, and self-injury are common among children with ASDs, and medical factors may cause or exacerbate these behaviors … the medical issues that some children with ASDs encounter such as seizures, gastrointestinal problems, and sleep disturbance, and provides guidance for medication management."
Sleep Problems Prevalent in Children with Asperger Syndrome "The study finds these children have a high prevalence of sleep disorders and problems going to sleep and sleep restlessness throughout the night. … Researchers report 50 percent of children with AS were reluctant to go to bed, 75 percent needed the television or a light on in the bedroom, 87 percent had difficulty getting to sleep and 75 percent fell asleep sweating. Study authors also found half of the children did not feel refreshed in the morning and 87 percent had difficulty waking up in the morning and 87 percent felt sleepy during the day."
The matrix of autism "The idea was that the autistic kids’ true intelligence might shine through if they could bypass the language deficit. And that’s exactly what happened. The difference between their scores on the WISC and the Raven’s test was striking: For example, not a single autistic child scored in the “high intelligence” range of the WISC, yet fully a third did on the Raven’s. Similarly, a third of the autistics had WISC scores in the mentally retarded range, whereas only one in 20 scored that low on the Raven’s test. The normal kids had basically the same results on both tests. The scientists ran the same experiment with autistic and normal adults, with the same result. As they report in the August issue of Psychological Science, a journal of the Association for Psychological Science, these findings speak not only to the level of autistic intelligence but to the nature of autistic intelligence. While it is probably true that autistics possess extraordinary perceptual skills, and that they use unique cognitive pathways for problem solving, their intelligence clearly goes far beyond rote memory and perception to include complex reasoning ability. "
Two Autism Studies Find Clues About the "Social Brain" and Early Diagnosis
ARTICLES:
Autism and Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASDs)
Autism Registry Links Families With Researchers
Autism -- Act Early To Make a Difference
Cases in Vaccine Court — Legal Battles over Vaccines and Autism
Thimerosal and Vaccines — A Cautionary Tale
Vaccine autism link discounted, but effect of "study" is unknown.
Web Site Aims to Help Parents Detect Early Signs of Autism
JOURNAL ARTICLES:
A Comparison of Repetitive Behaviors in Aspergers Disorder and High Functioning Autism. (Child Psychiatry Hum Dev. 2007) "These findings add to the body of literature showing that HFA and ASP fail to differ with respect to repetitive behaviors."
A Prospective Case Series of High-risk Infants who Developed Autism. (J Autism Dev Disord. 2007) "In all nine children, early impairment in social-communicative development coexisted with atypical sensory and/or motor behaviors, as did a temperamental profile marked by irritability/distress and dysregulated state."
Absence of contagious yawning in children with autism spectrum disorder. (Biol Lett. 2007)
Aetiological relationship between language performance and autistic-like traits in childhood: a twin study. (Int J Lang Commun Disord. 2007)
An autistic dimension: A proposed subtype of obsessive-compulsive disorder. (Autism. 2007)
Asperger Syndrome and Autism: A Comparative Longitudinal Follow-Up Study More than 5 Years after Original Diagnosis. (J Autism Dev Disord. 2007)
[Asperger syndrome; the issue and the truth] (Nippon Rinsho. 2007)
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Symptoms in Pervasive Developmental Disorders: Association with Autistic Behavior Domains and Coexisting Psychopathology. (Psychopathology. 2007)
Autism and epilepsy: A retrospective follow-up study. (Brain Dev. 2007) "Lower IQ, lower social maturity score and higher frequency of prescribed psychotropics were observed in the epileptic group compared to the non-epileptics. Idiopathic autism was confirmed as the high risk factor for epilepsy. Epileptiform EEG findings predict subsequent onset of epileptic seizures in adolescence. Epilepsy is one of negative factors on cognitive, adaptive and behavioral/emotional outcomes for individuals with autism."
[Autism and mental retardation: a study of the early social communication.] (Arch Pediatr. 2007) "DISCUSSION: The results showed evidence of distortion in autistic children development: they displayed important deficits in communication skills, in comparison with cognitive skills. Autistic children mainly displayed requesting gestures: they used adults to help them to reach a goal, instead of regarding them as social partners. However, young children who have mental age less than 18 months mainly use the same functions of communication, with or without autistic trouble."
Autism and vitamin D (Med Hypotheses. 2007)
Autism spectrum disorder and underlying brain mechanism in the oculoauriculovertebral spectrum. (Dev Med Child Neurol. 2007)
Autism Spectrum Disorders in Children with Seizures in the First Year of Life-A Population-Based Study. (Epilepsia. 2007) "Conclusion: These results suggest that the estimated prevalence of ASD is higher in children with history of seizure in the first year of life than it is in the general population. There are indications that support the view that children with ASD and history of seizure in the first year of life have higher prevalence of congenital brain abnormalities and are more often female, than other children with ASD."
Autism spectrum disorders: sex differences in autistic behaviour domains and coexisting psychopathology. (Dev Med Child Neurol. 2007)
Autism: The first firm finding = underconnectivity? (Epilepsy Behav. 2007)
Blood levels of mercury are related to diagnosis of autism: a reanalysis of an important data set. (J Child Neurol. 2007)
Body length and head growth in the first year of life in autism. (Pediatr Neurol. 2007) "Our findings suggest that autism spectrum disorder is due to a dysregulation of growth in general, rather than to a dysregulation of neuronal growth in the brain. It is unclear whether this early, disproportionate growth of children with autism spectrum disorders is specific to the disorder, and whether this growth could serve as a biomarker to delineate more homogeneous subtypes of autism spectrum disorders."
Brain-specific autoantibodies in the plasma of subjects with autistic spectrum disorder. (Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2007)
Brief Report: An Autistic Spectrum Subtype Revealed Through Familial Psychopathology Coupled with Cognition in ASD. (J Autism Dev Disord. 2007)
Brief Report: Impaired Identification of Discrepancies Between Expressive Faces and Voices in Adults with Asperger's Syndrome. (J Autism Dev Disord. 2007)
Broader Autism Phenotype in Parents of Autistic Children: Reality or Myth? (J Autism Dev Disord. 2007) "The finding that relatives of individuals with autism show mild autistic traits is referred to as the broader autism phenotype (BAP). … These results partly support and further elaborate on the BAP in parents with an autistic child."
Bullying among Children with Autism and the Influence of Comorbidity with ADHD: A Population-Based Study. (Ambul Pediatr. 2007) "CONCLUSIONS: Children with autism and ADHD/ADD appear to be at increased risk for bullying behaviors."
Characteristics Associated with Presence of Depressive Symptoms in Adults with Autism Spectrum Disorder. (J Autism Dev Disord. 2007)
Childhood autism, feeding problems and failure to thrive in early infancy : Seven case studies. (Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2007)
Children with autism spectrum disorders and intellectual disability. (Curr Opin Psychiatry. 2007)
Children with autism: effect of iron supplementation on sleep and ferritin. (Pediatr Neurol. 2007) " … children with autism spectrum disorder require ongoing screening for iron deficiency."
Clinical, Morphological, and Biochemical Correlates of Head Circumference in Autism. (Biol Psychiatry. 2007) " A head circumference >75th percentile is associated with more impaired adaptive behaviors and with less impairment in IQ measures and motor and verbal language development. Surprisingly, larger head sizes are significantly associated with a positive history of allergic/immune disorders both in the patient and in his/her first-degree relatives."
Cognitive and symptom profiles in Asperger's syndrome and high-functioning autism (Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences 2007) "Asperger syndrome (AS) and autistic disorder are two subtypes of pervasive developmental disorders (PDD), but there has been considerable debate over whether AS and autistic disorder without mental retardation (IQ = 70), called high-functioning autism (HFA), are distinct conditions or not. The aim of the present paper was to clarify this issue through a comparison of cognitive function and autistic symptom profiles. … Autistic cognitive characteristics shared by both AS and HFA subjects appear to support the validity of the current diagnostic classification of PDD."
[Cognitive predictors of social improvement in adolescents with autism spectrumdisorders.] (Tijdschr Psychiatr. 2007)
Cognitive, behavior and intervention outcome in young children with autism. (Res Dev Disabil. 2007)
Developmental regression and autism reported to the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System. (Autism. 2007)
Dissociation of Cognitive and Emotional Empathy in Adults with Asperger Syndrome Using the Multifaceted Empathy Test (MET). (J Autism Dev Disord. 2007) "Results suggested that while individuals with AS are impaired in cognitive empathy, they do not differ from controls in emotional empathy."
Dyspraxia in autism: association with motor, social, and communicative deficits. (Dev Med Child Neurol. 2007) "Impaired performance of skilled gestures, referred to as dyspraxia, is consistently reported in children with autism; however, its neurological basis is not well understood. Basic motor skill deficits are also observed in children with autism and it is unclear whether dyspraxia observed in children with autism can be accounted for by problems with motor skills. … Results indicate that dyspraxia in autism cannot be entirely accounted for by impairments in basic motor skills, suggesting the presence of additional contributory factors. Furthermore, praxis in children with autism is strongly correlated with the social, communicative, and behavioral impairments that define the disorder, suggesting that dyspraxia may be a core feature of autism or a marker of the neurological abnormalities underlying the disorder."
Early acceleration of head circumference in children with fragile x syndrome and autism. (J Dev Behav Pediatr. 2007)
Early communication development and intervention for children with autism. (Ment Retard Dev Disabil Res Rev. 2007)
Early Social-Communicative and Cognitive Development of Younger Siblings of Children With Autism Spectrum Disorders (Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2007) "Conclusion The weaker performance found for children in the ASD sibling group may represent early-emerging features of the broader autism phenotype, thus highlighting the importance of developmental surveillance for younger siblings."
Early Thimerosal Exposure and Neuropsychological Outcomes at 7 to 10 Years (NEJM 2007) "Thimerosal has been used as a preservative in vaccines since the 1930s. It is 49.6% mercury by weight and is metabolized into ethyl mercury and thiosalicylate.1 In 1999, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) estimated that infants who were immunized according to the recommended schedule could receive amounts of mercury exceeding the limits set by the Environmental Protection Agency for exposure to methyl mercury.2 As a precautionary measure, the Public Health Service and the American Academy of Pediatrics urged vaccine manufacturers to remove thimerosal from all infant vaccines as soon as was practical and recommended that studies be carried out to understand better the risks associated with mercury exposure from thimerosal-containing vaccines.3 In response, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) performed an analysis using computerized databases from three large health maintenance organizations (HMOs).4 Increasing exposure to mercury was associated with a greater likelihood of tics in one HMO population and language delay in another; in the third HMO, no significant associations were found. … The weight of the evidence in this study does not support a causal association between early exposure to mercury from thimerosal-containing vaccines and immune globulins administered prenatally or during infancy and neuropsychological functioning at the age of 7 to 10 years. The overall pattern of results suggests that the significant associations may have been chance findings stemming from the large number of statistical tests that we performed."
Evidence against poor semantic encoding in individuals with autism. (Autism. 2007) "The findings do not support the idea of a developmental delay in semantic encoding in children with autism."
Extreme sensory modulation behaviors in toddlers with autism spectrum disorders. (Am J Occup Ther. 2007)
Growth of Head Circumference in Autistic Infants During the First Year of Life. (J Autism Dev Disord. 2007)
Handedness, eyedness and nasal cycle in children with autism. (Int J Dev Neurosci. 2007)
Helping and Cooperation in Children with Autism. (J Autism Dev Disord. 2007)
Impairments in monkey and human face recognition in 2-year-old toddlers with Autism Spectrum Disorder and Developmental Delay. (Dev Sci. 2007) "The results of Experiments 1 and 2 suggest that difficulties in face processing, as measured by the VPC paradigm, are common in toddlers with ASD as well as DD, but that these deficits tend to disappear by early preschool age. In addition, the experiments show that higher efficacy of incidental encoding and recognition of facial identity in a context of passive exposure is positively related to nonverbal cognitive skills and age, but not to overall social interaction skills or greater attention to faces exhibited in naturalistic contexts."
[Impairments of social interaction, coordination disorder, and hypersensitivity in Asperger's syndrome] (Nippon Rinsho. 2007)
Increased risk of injury in children with developmental disabilities. (Res Dev Disabil. 2007) "Children with autism, ADD/ADHD, and other psychopathology were about 2-3 times more likely to experience an injury that needs medical attention than unaffected controls."
Joint Attention and Attachment in Toddlers with Autism. (J Abnorm Child Psychol. 2007)
Joint attention development in toddlers with autism. (Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2007)
Level of intellectual functioning predicts patterns of associated symptoms in school-age children with autism spectrum disorder. (Am J Ment Retard. 2007)
Management of epilepsy in children with autism (Current Paediatrics 2007)
Motor and gestural performance in children with autism spectrum disorders, developmental coordination disorder, and/or attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. (J Int Neuropsychol Soc. 2007)
Nature of motor imitation problems in school-aged boys with autism: A motor or a cognitive problem? (Autism. 2007) "This study supports the notion that mainly perceptual-motor impairment, and not a cognitive weakness of symbolic representation, causes imitation problems in autism. In addition, in boys with autism, general motor as well as imitation abilities were impaired. We suggest that imitation ability has to be assessed in conjunction with motor competence."
Olfaction and Taste Processing in Autism. (Biol Psychiatry. 2007) "CONCLUSIONS: True differences exist in taste and olfactory identification in autism. Impairment in taste identification with normal detection thresholds suggests cortical, rather than brainstem dysfunction."
Pervasive Developmental Disorders and Criminal Behaviour: A Case Control Study. (Int J Offender Ther Comp Criminol. 2007)
Pragmatic language profiles of school-age children with autism spectrum disorders and williams syndrome. (Am J Speech Lang Pathol. 2007)
Predictors of Optimal Outcome in Toddlers Diagnosed with Autism Spectrum Disorders. (J Autism Dev Disord. 2007) "A diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is usually taken to be permanent. In this study, 13 two-year-old children with ASD lost the diagnosis by age 4, at which time they scored within the normal range on standardized measures of cognitive and adaptive functioning. No differences were found in symptom severity, socialization, or communication between children who lost the ASD diagnosis and children who did not …"
Prevalence and Characteristics of Children With Autism-Spectrum Disorders. (Ann Epidemiol. 2007)
Prevalence of autism spectrum disorders--autism and developmental disabilities monitoring network, six sites, United States, 2000. (MMWR Surveill Summ. 2007)
Prevalence of motor impairment in autism spectrum disorders. (Brain Dev. 2007) "The results suggest that fine motor control and programming deficits are common co-occurrence of children with ASD in this cohort. The reduced prevalence of these motor deficits in older children suggests improvement over time, whether through natural progression, results of interventional therapy, or the combination of the two. However, ASD children with the motor deficits were not more likely to receive service than those without the motor deficits."
Psychiatric disorders in adults diagnosed as children with atypical autism. A case control study. (J Neural Transm. 2007) "A whole range of significantly elevated psychiatric disorders was found, so AA is not seen to be associated with any specific mental disorder.Schizophrenia spectrum disorders were the most commonly associated psychiatric disorders, diagnosed at least one time in 34.8% of the AA cases. Our findings underscore that it is important for clinicians working in adult psychiatric services to be aware that AA and a wide range of psychiatric disorders often co-exist."
Psychiatric Disorders in the Parents of Individuals with Infantile Autism: A Case-Control Study. (Psychopathology. 2007)
Psychiatric Hospitalization Among Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders. (J Autism Dev Disord. 2007)
Reduced Bone Cortical Thickness in Boys with Autism or Autism Spectrum Disorder. (J Autism Dev Disord. 2007) "Our data suggest that the bone development of autistic boys should be monitored as part of routine care, especially if they are on casein-free diets."
Relationship of Dietary Intake to Gastrointestinal Symptoms in Children with Autistic Spectrum Disorders. (Biol Psychiatry. 2007) "CONCLUSIONS: In this sample, there was a high rate of reported gastrointestinal symptoms, despite lack of medical causes."
Response to Joint Attention in Toddlers at Risk for Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Prospective Study. (J Autism Dev Disord. 2007) "Response to joint attention is an important screening and early intervention target."
Sensory correlations in autism (Autism 2007) "Evidence from this study suggests that: all the main modalities and multisensory processing appear to be affected; sensory processing dysfunction in autism is global in nature; and sensory processing problems need to be considered part of the disorder."
Sex Differences in Toddlers with Autism Spectrum Disorders. (J Autism Dev Disord. 2007)
Sleep in Children with Asperger Syndrome. (J Autism Dev Disord. 2007) "The results suggest that sleep disturbances should be routinely evaluated in children with AS."
Social and communication development in toddlers with early and later diagnosis of autism spectrum disorders. (Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2007)
Social Interaction and Repetitive Motor Behaviors. (J Autism Dev Disord. 2007)
Social Skills Training for Adolescents with Asperger Syndrome and High-Functioning Autism. (J Autism Dev Disord. 2007)
Spontaneity of Communication in Individuals with Autism. (J Autism Dev Disord. 2007) "A range of possible explanations for deficits in spontaneity of communication in children with autism is subsequently explored, including external factors (highly structured teaching programs, failure to systematically instruct for spontaneity) and intrinsic characteristics (intellectual disability, stimulus overselectivity, weak central coherence)."
Stalking, and Social and Romantic Functioning Among Adolescents and Adults with Autism Spectrum Disorder. (J Autism Dev Disord. 2007)
Sulfhydryl-reactive metals in autism. (J Toxicol Environ Health A. 2007) "The evidence from our study supports the notion that children with autism may have trouble excreting these metals, resulting in a higher body burden that may contribute to symptoms of autism."
Symptom Overlap between Autism Spectrum Disorder, Generalized Social Anxiety Disorder and Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder in Adults: A Preliminary Case-Controlled Study. (Psychopathology. 2007)
The Development of Young Siblings of Children with Autism from 4 to 54 Months. ( Autism Dev Disord. 2007)
The Early Development of Joint Attention in Infants with Autistic Disorder Using Home Video Observations and Parental Interview. (J Autism Dev Disord. 2007)
The New Neurobiology of Autism: Cortex, Connectivity, and Neuronal Organization. (Arch Neurol. 2007) "The evidence supports autism as a disorder of the association cortex, both its neurons and their projections. In particular, it is a disorder of connectivity, which appears, from current evidence, to primarily involve intrahemispheric connectivity. The focus of connectivity studies thus far has been on white matter, but alterations in functional magnetic resonance imaging activation suggest that intracortical connectivity is also likely to be disturbed. Furthermore, the disorder has a broad impact on cognitive and neurologic functioning. Deficits in high-functioning individuals occur in processing that places high demands on integration of information and coordination of multiple neural systems."
Young Adult Outcome of Autism Spectrum Disorders. (J Autism Dev Disord. 2007)
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