Breast Cancer

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Breast Cancer

NIH - Medical Encyclopedia Breast cancer

"There are several different types of breast cancer. Ductal carcinoma begins in the cells lining the ducts that bring milk to the nipple and accounts for more than 75% of breast cancers. Lobular carcinoma begins in the milk-secreting glands of the breast but is otherwise fairly similar in its behavior to ductal carcinoma. Other varieties of breast cancer can arise from the skin, fat, connective tissues, and other cells present in the breast. … Some women have what is known as HER2-positive breast cancer. HER2, short for human epidermal growth factor receptor-2, is a gene that helps control cell growth, division, and repair. When cells have too many copies of this gene, cell growth speeds up. It’s believed that HER2 plays a key role in turning healthy cells into cancerous ones. Some women with breast cancer have too much HER2, and are therefore considered HER2-positive. … Some families appear to have a genetic tendency for breast cancer. Two variant genes have been found that appear to account for this: BRCA1 and BRCA2. … The body's reduced ability to get rid of abnormal cells leads to damage that gradually accumulates. Women carrying mutated BRCA1 and/or BRCA2 genes start with pre-existing dysfunction of this system and have a "head start" in this damaging process. Hormones are important because they encourage cell growth. High levels of hormones during a woman's reproductive years, especially when they are not interrupted by the hormonal changes of pregnancy, appear to increase the chances that genetically damaged cells will grow and cause cancer."

Types of breast cancer

Breast lumps: Types of lumps and what they mean

Highlighted Articles

Mammographic Breast Density as a General Marker of Breast Cancer Risk (Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention 2007)

"Overall mammographic density seems to represent a general marker of breast cancer risk that is not specific to breast side or location of the eventual cancer."

Lifetime physical activity and the risk of breast cancer: A case-control study. (Cancer Detect Prev. 2007)

"Conclusions: These data are in concordance with the hypothesis that lifetime total physical activity is associated with decreased breast cancer risk. They also suggest that recreational physical activity at ages 14-20 years is the most beneficial. In addition, these findings confirm the majority of previous reports which implicated physical inactivity as important risk factor for breast cancer."

Highlighted Internet Site

NCI - Breast Cancer (PDQ®): Prevention

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Breast Cancer

Risk Reduction

NEWS:

Breast Cancer Drop Tied To Less Hormone Use "New federal statistics provide powerful evidence that the sharp drop in hormone use by menopausal women that began in 2002 caused a dramatic decline in breast cancer cases, according to an analysis being published today. The statistics show that the number of breast cancer cases being diagnosed began falling abruptly after concerns emerged about the safety of hormone treatment and that the decrease persisted into the following year, strengthening the case that the trends are related, researchers said. … Some researchers, however, questioned the findings, saying the drop in breast cancer occurred too soon to have been caused by the decline in hormone use."

Lifestyle changes cut breast cancer risk

Plant foods may cut breast cancer risk "Postmenopausal women who eat healthy amounts of plant foods rich in estrogen-like compounds called lignans may reduce their risk of developing breast cancer, according to a new study."

Strenuous exercise lowers lifetime breast cancer risk "A new study confirms that for most women, 6 or more hours of strenuous recreational exercise each week can reduce the risk of invasive breast cancer, according to the findings of a new study. While women with a family history of breast cancer didn't have a reduced risk with exercise, all of the other women did, regardless of how old they were when they started exercising, Dr. Brian L. Sprague of the University of Wisconsin-Madison and colleagues found."

Sunlight may cut breast cancer risk for some women "Exposure to sunlight may reduce the risk of advanced breast cancer in women with light skin pigmentation, according to the results of a population-based study appearing in the American Journal of Epidemiology. "We believe that sunlight helps reduce women's risk of breast cancer because the body manufactures the active form of vitamin D from exposure to sunlight," lead author Dr. Esther M. John, from the Northern California Cancer Center in Fremont, said in a statement. "It is possible that these effects were observed only among light-skinned women because sun exposure produces less vitamin D among women with naturally darker pigmentation." "

ARTICLES:

Reducing Your Risk Of Breast Cancer With Healthy Living

JOURNAL ARTICLES:

A case-control study on the dietary intake of mushrooms and breast cancer risk among Korean women. (Int J Cancer. 2007) "In conclusion, the consumption of dietary mushrooms may decrease breast cancer risk in postmenopausal women."

Aromatase inhibitors in the breast cancer therapy and their potential using in the prevention setting. (Bratisl Lek Listy. 2007)

Dairy Products, Calcium and the Risk of Breast Cancer: Results of the French SU.VI.MAX Prospective Study (Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism 2007) "A lower risk of breast cancer was observed with high total dairy product consumption in the whole population … Our data support the hypothesis that dairy products, through calcium content or a correlated component, might have a negative association with the risk of breast cancer, particularly among premenopausal women."

Dietary fibre and risk of breast cancer in the UK Women's Cohort Study. (Int J Epidemiol. 2007) "CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that in pre-menopausal women, total fibre is protective against breast cancer; in particular, fibre from cereals and possibly fruit."

Dietary carotenoids and risk of breast cancer in Chinese women. (Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2007) " It is concluded that higher intake of lycopene, beta-carotene and beta-cryptoxanthin is associated to a lower risk of breast cancer among Chinese women."

Dietary Flavonoid Intake and Breast Cancer Risk among Women on Long Island (American Journal of Epidemiology 2007) "The authors conclude that intake of flavonols, flavones, flavan-3-ols, and lignans is associated with reduced risk of incident postmenopausal breast cancer among Long Island women. These results suggest that US women can consume sufficient levels of flavonoids to benefit from their potential chemopreventive effects."

Estrogen deprivation for breast cancer prevention. (Recent Results Cancer Res. 2007) " … Early pregnancy imprints in the breast permanent genomic changes or a signature that reduces the susceptibility of this organ to cancer. The breast attains its maximum development during pregnancy and lactation. … The data obtained thus far is supporting the concept that the lifetime protective effect of an early pregnancy against breast cancer is due to the complete differentiation of the mammary gland …"

Folate and Risk of Breast Cancer: A Meta-analysis. (J Natl Cancer Inst. 2007) "Conclusion No clear support for an overall relationship between folate intake or blood folate levels and breast cancer risk was found. Adequate folate intake may reduce the increased risk of breast cancer that has been associated with moderate or high alcohol consumption."

High folate intake is associated with lower breast cancer incidence in postmenopausal women in the Malmö Diet and Cancer cohort (American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2007) "Conclusion: A high folate intake was associated with a lower incidence of postmenopausal breast cancer in this cohort."

Intake of fruits, and vegetables in relation to breast cancer risk by hormone receptor status. (Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2007) "We observed significant associations between reduced overall risk of breast cancer and increasing levels of total fruit intake …"

Intakes of Calcium and Vitamin D and Breast Cancer Risk in Women (Arch Intern Med. 2007) "Conclusions Findings from this study suggest that higher intakes of calcium and vitamin D may be associated with a lower risk of developing premenopausal breast cancer. The likely apparent protection in premenopausal women may be more pronounced for more aggressive breast tumors."

Lifetime physical activity and the risk of breast cancer: A case-control study. (Cancer Detect Prev. 2007) "Conclusions: These data are in concordance with the hypothesis that lifetime total physical activity is associated with decreased breast cancer risk. They also suggest that recreational physical activity at ages 14-20 years is the most beneficial. In addition, these findings confirm the majority of previous reports which implicated physical inactivity as important risk factor for breast cancer."

Lifetime Recreational and Occupational Physical Activity and Risk of In situ and Invasive Breast Cancer (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2007) "These results provide further evidence that, for most women, physical activity may reduce the risk of invasive breast cancer."

Long-term Recreational Physical Activity and Risk of Invasive and In Situ Breast Cancer: The California Teachers Study. (Arch Intern Med. 2007) "CONCLUSION: These results support a protective role of strenuous long-term exercise activity against invasive and in situ breast cancer and suggest differing effects by hormone receptor status."

Long-Term Results of Tamoxifen Prophylaxis for Breast Cancer—96-Month Follow-up of the Randomized IBIS-I Trial (JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute 2007) " Background: Initial results from the first International Breast Cancer Intervention Study (IBIS-I) found that tamoxifen reduced the risk of invasive estrogen receptor (ER)–positive tumors by 31% in women at increased risk for breast cancer, but most of the follow-up at this time was during the active treatment phase. We report an updated analysis of IBIS-I that focuses on the period after active treatment was completed, a time for which little evidence from other trials is available. … Conclusions: The risk-reducing effect of tamoxifen appears to persist for at least 10 years, but most side effects of tamoxifen do not continue after the 5-year treatment period."

Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory Drug Use and Breast Cancer Risk: Subgroup Findings (American Journal of Epidemiology 2007) "Breast cancer risk tended to decrease with increasing duration of NSAID use and was generally lowest for 7 years of use, and both acetylsalicylic acid and non–acetylsalicylic acid use were associated with reduced risks."

NSAIDs and breast cancer: a possible prevention and treatment strategy (International Journal of Clinical Practice 2007) “Conclusions: NSAIDs may reduce breast cancer risk by 20% but the optimal type, dose and duration is still undetermined together with the feasibility of such an intervention in an at risk population. There may be a role for NSAIDs in combination with endocrine therapies as either an adjuvant or palliative treatment for women with established breast cancer.”

Physical Activity and Breast Cancer Risk Among Women in the Southwestern United States. (Ann Epidemiol. 2007) "These data suggest that physical activity is important in reducing risk of breast cancer in both NHW and HAI women."

Physical Activity and Breast Cancer Risk: The European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention 2007) "Overall, increasing total physical activity was associated with a reduction in breast cancer risk among postmenopausal women (Ptrend = 0.06). Specifically, household activity was associated with a significantly reduced risk in postmenopausal … and premenopausal … women. … This study provides additional evidence for a protective effect of physical activity on breast cancer risk."

Plasma Phytoestrogens and Subsequent Breast Cancer Risk. (J Clin Oncol. 2007) "CONCLUSION: High genistein circulation levels are associated with reduced breast cancer risk in the Dutch population. No effects of lignans on breast cancer risk were observed."

Primary prevention of breast cancer by hormone-induced differentiation. (Recent Results Cancer Res. 2007)

Salad vegetables dietary pattern protects against HER-2-positive breast cancer: A prospective Italian study. (Int J Cancer. 2007) "This important finding that a salad vegetables dietary pattern protects mainly against a specific breast cancer subtype indicates that future studies on environmental/dietary risk factors should explicitly take account of the heterogeneity of breast cancer phenotypes."

Sun Exposure, Vitamin D Receptor Gene Polymorphisms, and Breast Cancer Risk in a Multiethnic Population (American Journal of Epidemiology 2007) "This study supports the hypothesis that sunlight exposure reduces risk of advanced breast cancer among women with light skin pigmentation."

Twenty-Year Follow-up of the Royal Marsden Randomized, Double-Blinded Tamoxifen Breast Cancer Prevention Trial (JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute 2007) "Conclusions: A statistically significant reduction in the incidence of ER-positive breast cancer was observed in the tamoxifen arm that occurred predominantly during the post treatment follow-up, indicating long-term prevention of estrogen-dependent breast cancer by tamoxifen."

Vitamin D and prevention of breast cancer. (Acta Pharmacol Sin. 2007)

Vitamin D and prevention of breast cancer: Pooled analysis. (J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2007) "CONCLUSIONS: Intake of 2000IU/day of Vitamin D(3), and, when possible, very moderate exposure to sunlight, could raise serum 25(OH)D to 52ng/ml, a level associated with reduction by 50% in incidence of breast cancer, according to observational studies."

Vitamin d and reduced risk of breast cancer: a population-based case-control study. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2007) "CONCLUSION: We found strong evidence to support the hypothesis that vitamin D could help prevent breast cancer. However, our results suggest that exposure earlier in life, particularly during breast development, maybe most relevant. These results should be confirmed."

Vitamin D intake and breast cancer risk in postmenopausal women: the Iowa Women's Health Study. (Cancer Causes Control. 2007)

Vitamin supplement use and risk for breast cancer: the Shanghai Breast Cancer Study. (Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2007) "Conclusions This study suggests that vitamins E and B supplements may confer protection against breast cancer among women who have low dietary intake of those vitamins."

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