Diabetes Mellitus Type II

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Diabetes

NIH - Medical Encyclopedia Diabetes

"Type 2 diabetes is far more common than type 1 and makes up 90% or more of all cases of diabetes. It usually occurs in adulthood. Here, the pancreas does not make enough insulin to keep blood glucose levels normal, often because the body does not respond well to the insulin. Many people with type 2 diabetes do not know they have it, although it is a serious condition. Type 2 diabetes is becoming more common due to the growing number of older Americans, increasing obesity, and failure to exercise. … Unlike type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes may respond to treatment with exercise, diet, and/or oral medications. … Some people with type 2 diabetes find they no longer need medication if they lose weight and increase activity, because when their ideal weight is reached, their own insulin and a careful diet can control their blood glucose levels."

Highlighted Articles

Diabetic Neuropathy--A Review (Nat Clin Pract Neurol. 2007)

"Diabetic neuropathy is the most common neuropathy in industrialized countries, and it is associated with a wide range of clinical manifestations. The vast majority of patients with clinical diabetic neuropathy have a distal symmetrical form of the disorder that progresses following a fiber-length-dependent pattern, with sensory and autonomic manifestations predominating. This pattern of neuropathy is associated with a progressive distal axonopathy. Patients experience pain, trophic changes in the feet, and autonomic disturbances. Occasionally, patients with diabetes can develop focal and multifocal neuropathies that include cranial nerve involvement and limb and truncal neuropathies."

Adiposity Compared With Physical Inactivity and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes in Women (Diabetes Care 2007)

"CONCLUSIONS—Obesity and physical inactivity independently contribute to the development of type 2 diabetes; however, the magnitude of risk contributed by obesity is much greater than that imparted by lack of physical activity."

Walking for exercise--does three times per week influence risk factors in type 2 diabetes? (Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2006)

"Our results suggest that an increase of regular physical activity equivalent to 45 min of walking 3 days/week may suffice to improve systolic and diastolic blood pressure, lipid metabolism and BMI in patients with type 2 diabetes."

Health Problems That Diabetes Can Cause

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Diabetes Mellitus Type II

Risk Factors

NEWS:

Hypertension Triples Women's Diabetes Risk " "We found that obesity was also a strong and independent risk factor for the development of type 2 diabetes. However, statistical analyses showed that the relationship between blood pressure and the onset of type 2 diabetes was similar among women who were normal weight, overweight or obese. There was a threefold increased risk from the lowest to the highest BP category within all three weight categories. This analysis showed that the association between blood pressure and diabetes was not explained by weight alone," lead author Dr. David Conen, a cardiologist and research fellow, said in a prepared statement."

Sedentary Behavior Linked With Increased Plasma Glucose "Recent findings published in the March issue of Diabetes Care demonstrate a deleterious relationship between sedentary behavior -- as indicated by television viewing -- and glycemic measures in adults without diagnosed diabetes. This relationship was independent of physical activity time and adiposity status."

ARTICLES:

Metabolic Syndrome Helps Predict Cardiovascular Disease and Diabetes Risk " The metabolic syndrome is defined in several different ways, and its value as a cardiovascular risk factor has been questioned. The metabolic syndrome is a strong risk factor for the development of type 2 diabetes. • The current study demonstrates that the metabolic syndrome is a significant risk factor for cardiovascular events, even when different definitions of the metabolic syndrome are used. All definitions of the metabolic syndrome were significant risk factors for incident diabetes."

JOURNAL ARTICLES:

Active smoking and the risk of type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. (JAMA. 2007) “CONCLUSION: Active smoking is associated with an increased risk of type 2 diabetes. Future research should attempt to establish whether this association is causal and to clarify its mechanisms.”

Adiposity Compared With Physical Inactivity and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes in Women (Diabetes Care 2007) "CONCLUSIONS—Obesity and physical inactivity independently contribute to the development of type 2 diabetes; however, the magnitude of risk contributed by obesity is much greater than that imparted by lack of physical activity."

Adiposity, physical fitness and incident diabetes: the physical activity longitudinal study. (Diabetologia. 2007) "CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION: Adiposity and physical fitness were both important predictors of the development of diabetes in this cohort of Canadians."

Blood pressure and risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus: The Women's Health Study (European Heart Journal 2007) "Conclusion: Baseline BP and BP progression are strong and independent predictors of incident type 2 diabetes among initially healthy women."

Development of Diabetes in Chinese With the Metabolic Syndrome (Diabetes Care 2007) "CONCLUSIONS—The metabolic syndrome, particularly its component, elevated FPG, predicts diabetes in Chinese. An individual without the metabolic syndrome is unlikely to develop diabetes, but one who has it should practice therapeutic lifestyle changes and have periodic FPG measurements to detect new-onset diabetes."

Effect of BMI on Lifetime Risk for Diabetes in the U.S. (Diabetes Care 2007) " RESULTS—Lifetime diabetes risk at 18 years of age increased from 7.6 to 70.3% between underweight and very obese men and from 12.2 to 74.4% for women."

How many cases of Type 2 diabetes mellitus are due to being overweight in middle age? Evidence from the Midspan prospective cohort studies using mention of diabetes mellitus on hospital discharge or death records (Diabet. Med. 2007) "Conclusions Overweight and obesity account for a major proportion of diabetes mellitus, as identified from hospital discharge and death records. With recent increases in the prevalence of overweight, the burden of disease related to diabetes mellitus is likely to increase markedly. Primordial prevention of obesity would be a major strategy for reducing the incidence of diabetes mellitus in populations."

Inadequate zinc predicts heart trouble in diabetics "In middle-aged people with type 2 diabetes, an inadequate blood level of zinc -- a micronutrient with antioxidant activity -- appears to increase the risk of heart attack and death from heart disease, a Finnish study hints."

Long-Term Use of Selenium Supplements and Risk for Type 2 Diabetes

Physical activity in u.s. Adults with diabetes and at risk for developing diabetes, 2003. (Diabetes Care. 2007) " CONCLUSIONS: The majority of patients with diabetes or at highest risk for developing type 2 diabetes do not engage in regular physical activity, with a rate significantly below national norms. There is a great need for efforts to target interventions to increase physical activity in these individuals."

Physical Activity, Obesity Status, and Glycemic Control: The ATTICA Study (Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2007) "Conclusion: Our data show that physical activity is a significant factor on insulin sensitivity, whereas increased physical activity may ameliorate the well-known effects of obesity on insulin sensitivity."

Potential role of sugar (fructose) in the epidemic of hypertension, obesity and the metabolic syndrome, diabetes, kidney disease, and cardiovascular disease. (Am J Clin Nutr. 2007) "We revisit an old hypothesis that sugar, particularly excessive fructose intake, has a critical role in the epidemic of cardiorenal disease. We also present evidence that the unique ability of fructose to induce an increase in uric acid may be a major mechanism by which fructose can cause cardiorenal disease."

Short-Term Weight Change and the Incidence of Diabetes in Midlife (Diabetes Care 2007) "CONCLUSIONS—Because women's risk of developing type 2 diabetes in midlife is more closely related to their initial BMI (when aged 45–50 years) than to subsequent short-term weight change, public health initiatives should target the prevention of weight gain before and during early adulthood."

Sleep Apnea Increases Risk for Diabetes "Previous studies have shown that short-term sleep deprivation induces metabolic syndrome–like changes in healthy young men, suggesting that long-term sleep problems could induce long-term metabolic problems as well. Now, researchers from the Yale Center for Sleep Medicine in New Haven, Connecticut, find that individuals with obstructive sleep apnea are nearly 3 times more likely to develop type 2 diabetes than are controls, according to data reported this week at the American Thoracic Society (ATS) 103rd International Conference. The increased risk is independent of obesity and other known risk factors for diabetes."

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