Diabetes Mellitus Type II
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Diabetes
NIH - Medical Encyclopedia Diabetes
"Type 2 diabetes is far more common than type 1 and makes up 90% or more of all cases of diabetes. It usually occurs in adulthood. Here, the pancreas does not make enough insulin to keep blood glucose levels normal, often because the body does not respond well to the insulin. Many people with type 2 diabetes do not know they have it, although it is a serious condition. Type 2 diabetes is becoming more common due to the growing number of older Americans, increasing obesity, and failure to exercise. … Unlike type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes may respond to treatment with exercise, diet, and/or oral medications. … Some people with type 2 diabetes find they no longer need medication if they lose weight and increase activity, because when their ideal weight is reached, their own insulin and a careful diet can control their blood glucose levels."
Highlighted Articles
Diabetic Neuropathy--A Review (Nat Clin Pract Neurol. 2007)
"Diabetic neuropathy is the most common neuropathy in industrialized countries, and it is associated with a wide range of clinical manifestations. The vast majority of patients with clinical diabetic neuropathy have a distal symmetrical form of the disorder that progresses following a fiber-length-dependent pattern, with sensory and autonomic manifestations predominating. This pattern of neuropathy is associated with a progressive distal axonopathy. Patients experience pain, trophic changes in the feet, and autonomic disturbances. Occasionally, patients with diabetes can develop focal and multifocal neuropathies that include cranial nerve involvement and limb and truncal neuropathies."
Adiposity Compared With Physical Inactivity and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes in Women (Diabetes Care 2007)
"CONCLUSIONS—Obesity and physical inactivity independently contribute to the development of type 2 diabetes; however, the magnitude of risk contributed by obesity is much greater than that imparted by lack of physical activity."
Walking for exercise--does three times per week influence risk factors in type 2 diabetes? (Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2006)
"Our results suggest that an increase of regular physical activity equivalent to 45 min of walking 3 days/week may suffice to improve systolic and diastolic blood pressure, lipid metabolism and BMI in patients with type 2 diabetes."
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Diabetes Mellitus Type II
General Information
NEWS:
Carpal Tunnel May Predict Diabetes "The researchers found that people who had been diagnosed with carpal tunnel syndrome were 36% more likely to later be diagnosed with diabetes, regardless of other diabetes risk factors."
Diabetes Complications Frequent in the Elderly " . patients diagnosed with diabetes mellitus late in life have a reduced life expectancy and increased rates of disease-related complications compared with nondiabetic individuals of the same age."
Diabetes Linked to Increased Risk of Hip Fracture "Men and women with diabetes, either type 1 or type 2, are more likely than the general population to fracture a hip, according to a review of studies reported in the American Journal of Epidemiology."
Diabetes may be damaging men's sperm - study "They found that while semen volume was lower in diabetic men, all other measures including sperm concentration, output, form, structure and ability to move appeared normal. However, when they looked at the DNA, they found much more damage in the sperm of diabetic men. Sperm damage can impair male fertility and has been associated in couples with a history of miscarriages, the team notes in the journal Human Reproduction. "
Diabetic Feet Pose High Risks "Diabetes patients with foot wounds -- especially deep or long-lasting wounds -- and circulatory problems are at much higher risk to require hospitalization and even amputation."
Dyslipidemia in type 2 diabetes mellitus. (Curr Diab Rep. 2007) "The lipid profile in patients with type 2 DM is characterized by elevated triglycerides, low levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and small dense low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDLC) particles and is believed to be a key factor promoting atherosclerosis in these patients."
Gastric Bypass Surgery Explored as Cure for Type 2 Diabetes "A bariatric surgery procedure used for treating severe obesity is now being explored as a cure for type 2 diabetes mellitus in normal-weight and moderately overweight patients with diabetes."
Increasing Proportion of Cardiovascular Disease Due to Diabetes Over the Last 50 Years
Looking Past Blood Sugar to Survive With Diabetes "But in focusing entirely on blood sugar, Mr. Smith ended up neglecting the most important treatment for saving lives — lowering the cholesterol level. That protects against heart disease, which eventually kills nearly everyone with diabetes. He also was missing a second treatment that protects diabetes patients from heart attacks — controlling blood pressure. Mr. Smith assumed everything would be taken care of if he could just lower his blood sugar level. Blood sugar control is important in diabetes, specialists say. It can help prevent dreaded complications like blindness, amputations and kidney failure. But controlling blood sugar is not enough. "
Mexico Warns Diabetes May Bankrupt Health System "Rocketing levels of diabetes threaten to cripple Mexico's already strained health services, as Mexicans spurn exercise and healthy eating in favor of heavy foods and sugary soft drinks, the government said on Thursday. Health Secretary Jose Cordova warned expensive treatment for diabetes, Mexico's No. 1 cause of death in recent years, would bankrupt the country's health system within the next decade if illness levels were not controlled. … 'The concept of healthy eating is almost nonexistent,' "
One-Third of Diabetics Have Sleep Apnea "People with type 2 diabetes who drag themselves through the day may be among the 36 percent of diabetics suffering from obstructive sleep apnea, according to new research. Sleep apnea occurs when impaired breathing due to collapsed airways triggers multiple nighttime awakenings. "
Prevent Diabetes Problems: Keep Your Teeth and Gums Healthy
ARTICLES:
Diabetes linked to increase in kidney stones "Recent studies suggest that the incidence of kidney stones is increasing, both in the U.S. and worldwide, and data compiled by researchers at the Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minnesota, suggest that diabetes may be a predisposing factor, particularly for kidney stones composed of uric acid."
From the 67th annual scientific sessions of the American Diabetes Association: Lipid-lowering therapies reduce development of peripheral neuropathy "Statins and fibrates reduce the risk of peripheral neuropathy in patients with type 2 diabetes independent of the agents' effects on lipids, according to Timothy Davis, MD, PhD, professor of medicine, University of Western Australia. Dr Davis presented the results of this observational analysis at the 67th Annual Scientific Sessions of the American Diabetes Association."
Health Problems That Diabetes Can Cause
JOURNAL ARTICLES:
Alcohol Consumption and Type 2 Diabetes Among Older Adults: The Cardiovascular Health Study. (Obesity (Silver Spring). 2007)
Brain Lesions on MRI in Elderly Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (European Neurology 2007) "Conclusions: The data of this cross-sectional study suggest that type 2 DM is an independent risk factor for deep WML in the independently living elderly patients."
Cognitive impairment and MRI correlates in the elderly patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (Age and Ageing 2007) "Conclusions: the data of this cross-sectional study show that type 2 DM is associated with diminished cognitive function in different cognitive domains, while memory is less affected after adjustment for hypertension. The association of cognitive impairment with MRI measures is equivocal, whereas HbA1c and duration of DM were significantly associated with cognitive dysfunction."
Correlations between homocysteine levels and atherosclerosis in Japanese type 2 diabetic patients (Metabolism 2007)
Diabetes and Parkinsonian Signs in Older Persons. (Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord. 2007)
Diabetes and Risk of Endometrial Cancer: A Population-Based Prospective Cohort Study (Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention 2007) "Diabetes was associated with a 2-fold increased risk, and combination of diabetes with obesity and low physical activity was associated with a further increased risk for endometrial cancer. Interventions to reduce body weight and increase physical activity may have important implications in terms of prevention of endometrial cancer and future management of diabetic subjects."
Does Dairy Calcium Intake Enhance Weight Loss Among Overweight Diabetic Patients? (Diabetes Care 2007) "CONCLUSIONS-A diet rich in dairy calcium intake enhances weight reduction in type 2 diabetic patients. Such a diet could be tried in diabetic patients, especially those with difficulty adhering to other weight reduction diets."
High selenium levels linked to diabetes risk "Selenium is a mineral required in small amounts to maintain good health. This mineral is necessary to generate antioxidant proteins that help prevent cell damage from free radicals, which are thought to contribute to the development of chronic diseases. Selenium also has a role in regulating thyroid gland function and the immune system. . Until the findings of additional studies are available, increased levels of selenium, through the diet or in supplements, should not be recommended for diabetes prevention in individuals with normal selenium levels, Bleys and colleagues advise. "Furthermore, diabetic patients should avoid selenium supplementation" until evidence showing a benefit becomes available."
Hippocampal damage and memory impairments as possible early brain complications of type 2 diabetes (Diabetologia 2007) "Conclusions/interpretation These results suggest that the medial temporal lobe may be the first brain site affected by type 2 diabetes and that individuals in poorer metabolic control may be affected to a greater extent."
[History and definition(s) of metabolic syndrome.] (Internist (Berl). 2007) "The current definition of metabolic syndrome of the American Heart Association/National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute and the International Diabetes Federation incorporates the quartet central obesity, hypertension, increased blood sugar and dyslipidemia (hypertriglyceridemia, low HDL cholesterol)."
Home Monitoring of Glucose and Blood Pressure (Am Fam Physician 2007)
Hypertension and Sensorimotor Peripheral Neuropathy in Type 2 Diabetes (European Neurology 2007) "Conclusions: There is a strong association between hypertension and SMPN in type 2 diabetic patients with relatively short duration of disease. This relationship is independent of other risk factors."
Impact of diabetes on the severity of liver disease. (Am J Med. 2007)
Incidence and Risk Factors for Stroke in Type 2 Diabetic Patients (Stroke. 2007)
Inflammatory mechanisms of diabetic complications. (Curr Diab Rep. 2007) "Activation of inflammatory processes may contribute to the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus. In addition, inflammation appears to be a major mechanism responsible for vascular damage leading to the clinically well-recognized complications of diabetes. Inflammatory cytokine and chemokine mediators released from visceral fat contribute to atherosclerotic plaque formation and increased risk for myocardial infarction and stroke."
Intake of fruit, vegetables, and antioxidants and risk of type 2 diabetes: systematic review and meta-analysis. (J Hypertens. 2007) "CONCLUSIONS: The consumption of three or more daily servings of fruit or vegetables was not associated with a substantial reduction in the risk of type 2 diabetes. The intake of antioxidants was associated with a 13% reduction in risk, mainly attributed to vitamin E."
Longitudinal Association Between Depressive Symptoms and Incident Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Older Adults (Arch Intern Med. 2007) "Conclusion Older adults who reported higher depressive symptoms were more likely to develop diabetes than their counterparts; this association was not fully explained by risk factors for diabetes."
Mortality Trends in Men and Women with Diabetes, 1971 to 2000 (Annals 2007) "Conclusions: Progress in reducing mortality rates among persons with diabetes has been limited to men. Diabetes continues to greatly increase the risk for death, particularly among women."
Prediction of Incident Diabetes Mellitus in Middle-aged Adults (Arch Intern Med. 2007) "Conclusion Parental diabetes, obesity, and metabolic syndrome traits effectively predict T2DM risk in a middle-aged white population sample and were used to develop a simple T2DM prediction algorithm to estimate risk of new T2DM during a 7-year follow-up interval."
[Prevalence of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Iceland 1967-2002.] (Laeknabladid. 2007) "Conclusion: The prevalence of T2DM is now increasing in Iceland as in the rest of the world although the increase has taken place somewhat later than elsewhere. The prevalence of T2DM is however still relatively low when compared to other western countries. Early detection of T2DM is of importance and screening should be used according to clinical guidelines. The current increase in T2DM is most likely due to increasing obesity."
Relation of diabetes to mild cognitive impairment. (Arch Neurol. 2007) "CONCLUSION: Diabetes is related to a higher risk of amnestic MCI in a population with a high prevalence of this disorder."
Retinopathy Predicts Cardiovascular Mortality in Type 2 Diabetic Men and Women (Diabetes Care 2007) " CONCLUSIONS-Proliferative retinopathy in both sexes and background retinopathy in women predicted all-cause, CVD, and CHD death. These associations were independent of current smoking, hypertension, total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, glycemic control of diabetes, duration of diabetes, and proteinuria. This suggests the presence of common background pathways for diabetic microvascular and macrovascular disease other than those included in the conventional risk assessment of CVD."
Role of yoga in diabetes. (J Assoc Physicians India. 2007)
Short-Term Risk for Stroke Is Doubled in Persons With Newly Treated Type 2 Diabetes Compared With Persons Without Diabetes (Stroke. 2007) "Conclusions- The risk of stroke is high within 5 years of treatment for type 2 diabetes and more than double the rate for the general population. This further supports the need for aggressive early cardiovascular risk factor management in type 2 diabetes."
The epidemic of extreme obesity among American Indian and Alaska Native adults with diabetes. (Prev Chronic Dis. 2007)
[The metabolic syndrome does not exist] (Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd. 2007)
Type 2 diabetes and the risk of Parkinson's disease. (Diabetes Care. 2007) "Conclusion- These data suggest that type 2 diabetes is associated with an increased risk of Parkinson's disease. Surveillance bias might account for higher rates in diabetes. The mechanism behind this association between diabetes and Parkinson's disease is not known."
Type 2 diabetes mellitus and risk of coronary heart disease: results of the 10-year follow-up of the PROCAM study. (Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil. 2007) "CONCLUSION: In PROCAM, less than a third of men with diabetes were classified as being at high risk of coronary events. It is therefore incorrect to regard the presence of diabetes mellitus as a coronary risk equivalent."
Waist circumference, blood pressure, and lipid components of the metabolic syndrome (The Journal of Pediatrics 2006) "The prediction of childhood obesity-related health risks is significantly improved by the inclusion of WC in addition to BMI percentile. This observation supports the notion that WC should be included in the evaluation of childhood obesity along with BMI percentile to identify those at increased health risks due to excess abdominal fat."
Zinc supplementation for the prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus. (ochrane Database Syst Rev. 2007) " AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: There is currently no evidence to suggest the use of zinc supplementation in the prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Future trials will have to standardise outcomes measures such as incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus, decrease of the insulin resistance, quality of life, diabetic complications, all-cause mortality and costs."
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