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Pediatrics

Child-Adolescent Nutrition and Overweight

NEWS:

100 Percent Juice Not Linked to Overweight Kids "Child nutrition researcher Theresa Nicklas, DrPH, LN, of the USDA Children's Research Center at the Baylor College of Medicine in Houston, found 100 percent fruit juice does not put kids at risk for weight gain."

Exercise and frequent eating may keep kids slim "Kids who are frequent nibblers may pack on fewer pounds than those less frequent eaters, if they stay physically active, a study shows."

Family effort needed to rein in childhood obesity "Children are now growing up in an "obesogenic environment", Washington said, where several harmful factors - increased advertising to children, more time in front of televisions and computers, an outdoor environment that may not be safe to play in, larger portion sizes, fast food restaurants, vending machines in schools, reduced physical education time - conspire to make kids fatter. "They've come together in a very toxic environment for kids -- and adults, for that matter," he said. "If you eliminate one of those things without trying to eliminate the others, you're not very successful. … It's important to ensure that efforts to help an overweight or obese child focus on health instead of reaching an ideal of thinness, said Ellin. If a child's weight is causing health problems, a doctor should be involved, but otherwise parents shouldn't put conditions on weight loss or push the issue. A focus on health that includes small steps, including physical activity they can excel at, can motivate children without worrying them or making them feel threatened, Washington said."

Lack of shut-eye leads to fatter kids, study says: Sleeping less than magic threshold of 9 hours, 45 minutes packed on pounds "Researchers have found that every additional hour per night a third-grader spends sleeping reduces the child’s chances of being obese in sixth grade by 40 percent. The less sleep they got, the more likely the children were to be obese in sixth grade, no matter what the child’s weight was in third grade, said Dr. Julie Lumeng of the University of Michigan, who led the research. "

Obese Children Show Early Signs Of Heart Disease "Those who are overweight during childhood also have an increased risk of obesity in adulthood and are at greater risk for complications such as diabetes, high blood pressure and heart disease, because obesity increases total blood volume, which leads to extra stress on the heart."

Obesity, Heart Disease May Start Young

Obesity-Linked Woes Boost Kids' Lifetime Heart Risk "Obese children diagnosed with health problems collectively known as the "metabolic syndrome" are at higher risk for developing heart disease as adults, new research reveals. Compared to healthier youngsters, school-age children with the condition face a 14.5 times greater risk of cardiovascular disease when they reached their 30s and 40s, the study found. Components of the syndrome include high blood pressure, high body mass, high blood pressure and high triglycerides (blood fats). … 'So, it's very, very important that a child is raised in an environment where physical exercise is encouraged on a routine basis and eating patterns are geared to healthy eating decisions,' "

Overweight Girls Face Hefty Consequences " Overweight pre-teen girls are 10-times more likely to be overweight as adults and are more likely to develop cardiovascular disease than their non-overweight counterparts, according to new research out of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI). The study also reveals the problem is more predominant in black populations."

Overweight Kids At Risk as Adults "The study, of more than 276,000 Danish children, found that those who were overweight when they were 7 to 13 years old were much more likely to develop heart disease between the ages of 25 and 71 -- even those who were just a little chubby as kids, and possibly regardless of whether they lost the weight when they grew up."

Study: Tween Girls at Risk for Fatness " Chubby tweens already were seeing their blood pressure and cholesterol levels inch up, backing up earlier research that fat's toll on the arteries begins early. Also, being overweight in childhood brought more than a tenfold risk of a youngster's growing into a fat adult."

ARTICLES:

Childhood Obesity — The Shape of Things to Come "Without effective intervention, phase 4 of the epidemic will entail an acceleration of the obesity rate through transgenerational mechanisms. Obese children tend to be heavy in adulthood, in part because obesity-promoting habits persist. In addition, carrying excessive weight early in life may elicit irreversible biologic changes in hormonal pathways, fat cells, and the brain that increase hunger and adversely affect metabolism. Furthermore, adult obesity and its complications appear to increase the risk of obesity and its complications in offspring through nongenetic influences, a phenomenon termed perinatal programming."

Healthy Foods for Healthy Kids

PAS 2007: A Fresh Approach to Tackling Childhood Obesity, and More

JOURNAL ARTICLES:

2006 Canadian clinical practice guidelines on the management and prevention of obesity in adults and children [summary] (CMAJ 2007)

Adolescent obesity adversely affects blood pressure and resting heart rate. (Circ J. 2007) "Conclusion Hemodynamic abnormalities, such as HT and a high resting HR, are closely associated with adolescent obesity and are probably explained by impaired autonomic nerve function."

Adolescent skinfold thickness is a better predictor of high body fatness in adults than is body mass index: the Amsterdam Growth and Health Longitudinal Study. (Am J Clin Nutr. 2007)

Are parents aware that their children are overweight or obese? Do they care? (Can Fam Physician. 2007) "Parents who do not recognize weight problems in their children are less likely to take steps to change their children’s unhealthy lifestyles and to prevent obesity. Studies from other countries have shown that parents are neither concerned about nor sensitive to their children’s overweight or obese status."

Asymptomatic rickets in adolescent girls. (Indian J Pediatr. 2007) "CONCLUSION: We conclude that low daily calcium intake and vitamin D acquirement are two important problems in Iranian girls during rapid growth at puberty; therefore, for prevention of overt rickets calcium and vitamin D Supplementation appear to be necessary."

Childhood Body-Mass Index and the Risk of Coronary Heart Disease in Adulthood (NEJM 2007)

Childhood obesity can trigger early puberty "Childhood obesity in the United States appears to be causing girls to reach puberty at an earlier age, for reasons that are not clear, a study said on Monday. The report from the University of Michigan’s Mott Children’s Hospital said a multiyear study following a group of 354 girls found that those who were fatter at age 3 and who gained weight during the next three years reached puberty, as defined by breast development, by age 9. 'Earlier onset of puberty in girls has been associated with a number of adverse outcomes, including psychiatric disorders and deficits in psychosocial functioning, earlier initiation of alcohol use, sexual intercourse and teenage pregnancy and increased rates of adult obesity and reproductive cancers,' the study said."

Determinants of early atherosclerosis in obese children and adolescents. (J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2007) "Conclusion: Adiponectin more than conventional CV risk factors and inflammation status may be related to early atherosclerosis in obese children."

Dietary risk factors for development of childhood obesity. (Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2007)

Do interventions to limit sedentary behaviours change behaviour and reduce childhood obesity? A critical review of the literature. (Obes Rev. 2007)

Exercise alone reduces insulin resistance in obese children independently of changes in body composition. (J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2007)

Exercise Helps Overweight Youngsters Learn "Three months of daily, vigorous exercise can improve overweight kids' thinking, U.S. researchers report. Physical activity can also lower their diabetes risk, reduce their body fat, and strengthen their bones, says a team that looked at about 200 overweight, inactive children, ages 7 to 11."

Factors associated with risk of low dietary fiber intake in adolescents. (J Pediatr (Rio J). 2007) "CONCLUSIONS: These results admit of the conclusion that excessive fat consumption and non-habitual consumption of beans are strongly linked with the risk of insufficient dietary fiber intake in both sexes and that females exhibit a greater number of risk factors for this outcome."

Family Meals during Adolescence Are Associated with Higher Diet Quality and Healthful Meal Patterns during Young Adulthood. (J Am Diet Assoc. 2007)

Fructose intake is a predictor of LDL particle size in overweight schoolchildren (American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2007) "Conclusions: In school-age children, greater total and central adiposity are associated with smaller LDL particle size and lower HDL cholesterol. Overweight children consume more fructose from sweets and sweetened drinks than do normal-weight children, and higher fructose intake predicts smaller LDL particle size."

In the absence of weight loss, exercise training does not improve adipokines or oxidative stress in overweight children. (Metabolism. 2007)

Iron Deficiency in Early Childhood in the United States: Risk Factors and Racial/Ethnic Disparities (PEDIATRICS 2007) "CONCLUSIONS. Toddlers who are overweight and not in day care are at high risk for iron deficiency. Hispanic toddlers are more likely than white and black toddlers to be overweight and not in day care. The higher prevalence of these risk factors among Hispanic toddlers may account for their increased prevalence of iron deficiency."

Is food portion size a risk factor of childhood overweight? (Eur J Clin Nutr. 2007) "Conclusions:At very young ages, the increase in overweight may be driven in part by a shift in eating patterns towards larger portion size of energy-dense and nutrient-poor foods."

Maternal obesity is associated with younger age at obesity onset in u.s. Adolescent offspring followed into adulthood. (Obesity (Silver Spring). 2007) "Conclusions: Having an obese mother was associated with earlier age at obesity onset across all race/ethnic groups, particularly non-Hispanic blacks. Early obesity onset has important health consequences because of its association with more severe adult obesity."

n-6 and n-3 PUFA intakes of pre-school children in Flanders, Belgium. (Br J Nutr. 2007) "In conclusion, Flemish pre-school children should consume more n-3-rich products in order to increase their LNA intake and decrease their LA/LNA ratio. Furthermore, the replacement of meat products rich in SFA by poultry would increase the arachidonic acid intake. As well, fatty fish consumption needs to be increased, as it is a rich source of long-chain n-3 PUFA."

Overweight girlhood boosts women's asthma risk "Among 365 boys and 388 girls who were asthma-free at age 7, women who were in the top 25 percent weight group as 7-year-olds were nearly four times as likely to have asthma at age 32 than their peers in the lowest 25-percent category. However, this relationship between childhood weight and adulthood asthma was not seen in men."

[Overweight, obesity and associated factors in first grade schoolchildren in a city of the metropolitan region of Sao Paulo, Brazil.] (Cad Saude Publica. 2007) "Factors associated with overweight were: mother's obesity (PR = 3.54; CI: 2.16-5.80), high consumption of junk food (PR = 2.12; CI: 1.30-3.45), more than 4 hours a day watching TV (PR = 2.08; CI: 1.03-4.20), and daily household per capita availability of vegetal oil (around 3 tablespoons) (PR = 1.52; CI: 1.01-2.31). The family environment has a strong influence on overweight in children entering first grade in public schools. Prevention of childhood overweight should preferably target the parents and other caregivers."

Overweight/obesity and attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder tendency among adolescents in China. (Int J Obes (Lond). 2007) " Conclusion:ADHD tendency is associated with overweight/obesity among adolescents. Clinician should be aware of the increased risk of ADHD among obese adolescents. ADHD should be assessed and proper treatment should be provided in the management of obese."

Parent Overweight Predicts Daughters' Increase in BMI and Disinhibited Overeating from 5 to 13 Years. (Obesity (Silver Spring). 2007)

Prevalence and Associated Factors of Overweight among Mexican-American Adolescents. (J Am Diet Assoc. 2007)

Preventing childhood obesity: two year follow-up results from the Christchurch obesity prevention programme in schools (CHOPPS). (BMJ. 2007) "CONCLUSIONS: These longitudinal results show that after a simple year long intervention the difference in prevalence of overweight in children seen at 12 months was not sustained at three years."

Severe Vitamin D-deficiency and the Health of North China Children. (Matern Child Health J. 2007) "Conclusions: Northern climate and cloistering of children creates a host of health risks for north China children. Vitamin D-deficiency, lead poisoning and respiratory disease are significantly worse during the winter months. These children need vitamin D supplementation during the winter and improved overall nutritional status during the summer to maintain ideal growth and development."

Skipping breakfast, alcohol consumption and physical inactivity as risk factors for overweight and obesity in adolescents: results of the E-MOVO project. (Eur J Clin Nutr. 2007) "Conclusions:Skipping breakfast, alcohol consumption and physical inactivity were associated with overweight in second and fourth grade adolescents. The associations were strongest for younger adolescents. The most important risk factor for overweight and obesity was skipping breakfast."

Sleep-disordered breathing and the metabolic syndrome in overweight and obese children and adolescents. (J Pediatr. 2007)

Swedish pre-school children eat too much junk food and sucrose. (Acta Paediatr. 2007)

Television Watching and Frequency of Family Meals Are Predictive of Overweight Onset and Persistence in a National Sample of School-Aged Children. (J Am Diet Assoc. 2007) "CONCLUSIONS: This study supports theories regarding the contributions of television watching, family meals, and neighborhood safety to childhood weight status. When working with families to prevent and treat childhood weight problems, food and nutrition professionals should attend to children's time spent with screen media, the frequency of family mealtimes, and parents' perceptions of neighborhood safety for children's outdoor play."

The contribution of physical activity and sedentary behaviours to the growth and development of children and adolescents : implications for overweight and obesity. (Sports Med. 2007)

The role of abdominal obesity and weight gain since adolescence in early atherosclerosis. (Int J Cardiol. 2007)

Visceral abdominal fat is correlated with whole-body fat and physical activity among 8-y-old children at risk of obesity. (Am J Clin Nutr. 2007)

Vitamin D in childhood and adolescence. (Postgrad Med J. 2007)

Weekend and Weekday Patterns of Physical Activity in Overweight and Normal-weight Adolescent Girls. (Obesity (Silver Spring). 2007)

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