ADD - ADHD

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Also review Related Articles: Autism, Conduct and Oppositional Defiant Disorders.

ADD - ADHD

NIH - Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder "According to the most recent version of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders2 (DSM-IV-TR), there are three patterns of behavior that indicate ADHD. People with ADHD may show several signs of being consistently inattentive. They may have a pattern of being hyperactive and impulsive far more than others of their age. Or they may show all three types of behavior. This means that there are three subtypes of ADHD recognized by professionals. These are the predominantly hyperactive-impulsive type (that does not show significant inattention); the predominantly inattentive type (that does not show significant hyperactive-impulsive behavior) sometimes called ADD—an outdated term for this entire disorder; and the combined type (that displays both inattentive and hyperactive-impulsive symptoms)."

NHS - Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) “Symptoms of ADHD in children and adolescents The symptoms of ADHD in children and adolescents are well defined. The main symptoms of each behavioural problem are detailed below. Inattentiveness • a very short attention span, • being very easily distracted, • being unable to stick at tasks that are tedious, or time consuming, • being unable to listen to, or carry out, instructions, • being unable to concentrate, and • constantly changing activity, or task. Hyperactivity • being unable to sit still, especially in calm or quiet surroundings, • constantly fidgeting, • being unable to settle to tasks, and • excessive physical movement. Impulsiveness • being unable to wait for a turn, • acting without thinking, • breaking any set rules, and • little or no sense of danger. If your child has ADHD, their symptoms usually become noticeable at around the age of five. ADHD can cause many problems in your child's life, and can often lead to underachievement at school, poor social interaction with other children and adults, and problems with discipline.“

Highlighted Articles

Identifying, Evaluating, Diagnosing, and Treating ADHD in Minority Youth (Journal of Attention Disorders 2008) “Untreated ADHD carries greater risk for substance abuse, impulsive behavior, and legal conflicts, whereas overdiagnosing and overtreating risk stigma associated with mental disorder, growth limitation, and tachycardia or hypertension. This dichotomy is even more perplexing for minority youth, many of whom are disadvantaged and lack access to care. Stressful living circumstances increase the likelihood a minority child will be diagnosed with ADHD (Barbarin & Soler, 1993). Fearing their child will be labeled, minority parents may hesitate to ask for help. … Cultural awareness during the assessment and history gathering is critical for the evaluation of minority youth. There are ADHD scales more appropriate for minority children. In addition, we are learning that children of diversity may not respond to all medications the same way Caucasian children do. The more we learn about genetic variations, the more we are likely to understand why medication alone is not effective in all cases and should not be considered the only treatment tool. Prosocial skills training, psychotherapy for the children, and support for the parents are all key if we want these children to truly succeed.”

ADHD in Children With Comorbid Conditions: Diagnosis, Misdiagnosis, and Keeping Tabs on Both (2007) "There is a complex interplay between ADHD and its commonly occurring comorbid psychiatric disorders, such as oppositional defiant disorder (ODD), conduct disorder (CD), anxiety, depression, bipolar disorder (BPD), and substance abuse. Comorbidity greatly influences presentation, diagnosis, and prognosis; complicates treatment; and significantly increases the morbidity and disease burden of ADHD.[6] When ADHD is comorbid with another psychiatric disorder, it is often the first disorder to develop, and children with severe ADHD symptoms have a higher likelihood of developing other psychiatric disorders.[1] When evaluating for comorbid conditions, the clinician should attempt to determine whether one "primary" condition can fully account for the most disabling and distressing symptoms. If a primary condition can fully explain such symptoms, then the other condition should not be diagnosed. For example, if a patient has ADHD symptoms only during episodes of bipolarity, ADHD would not be diagnosed. "

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Attention Deficit Disorder and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Disorder

Adult

NEWS:

People With ADHD Do One Month's Less Work Per Year, Study Finds

Research on consequences: Hyperactive girls face problems as adults“"Our study suggests that girls with chronic hyperactivity and physical aggression in childhood should be targeted by intensive prevention programmes in elementary school, because they are more likely to have serious adjustment problems later in life,” cautioned Dr. Fontaine. “Programmes targeting only physical aggression may be missing a significant proportion of at-risk girls. In fact, our results suggest that targeting hyperactive behaviour will include the vast majority of aggressive girls.” “

Women with ADHD more impaired than men “More women (75 percent) had combined-type ADHD than did men (62 percent). Women also had higher scores on measures of anxiety and depression and had more sleep problems. Poor temper control, mood volatility, and emotional over-reactivity were more common in women (37 percent) than in men (29 percent). In contrast to results of studies involving children, "women were more impaired than men on ADHD scales in our study," the investigators conclude. Moreover, continued Reimherr, "these symptoms -- depression, temper control problems, feelings of tension, and over-reacting to life stresses -- might cause a doctor to miss the diagnosis of ADHD ... We feel that this will lead to problems in treatment for such women." “

ARTICLES:

JOURNAL ARTICLES:

Adult ADHD Is Common Among Patients in Anxiety-Disorders Clinic “Symptoms of hyperactivity in children with ADHD (squirming, fidgeting, inability to stay seated, running and climbing excessively, inability to play and work quietly, talking excessively) translate into different symptoms in adults (workaholic tendencies, being overscheduled and overwhelmed, self-selecting very active jobs, constantly active, talking excessively). • Similarly, symptoms of impulsivity in children (blurting out answers, not waiting his or her turn, intruding on or interrupting others) manifest differently in adults (low frustration tolerance, short temper, quitting jobs abruptly, ending relationships, driving too fast, addictive" personality). • Finally, symptoms of inattention differ in children with ADHD (difficulty in sustaining attention, not listening, not following through, inability to organize, losing important items, easily distractible, forgetful) vs adults with ADHD (showing incredible procrastination, slow, inefficient, very poor time-management skills, very disorganized) “

[Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in adults : Benchmarking diagnosis using the Wender-Reimherr adult rating scale.] (Nervenarzt. 2008) “… a lack of certain dietary nutrients contribute to the development of mental disorders. Notably, essential vitamins, minerals, and omega-3 fatty acids are often deficient in the general population in America and other developed countries; and are exceptionally deficient in patients suffering from mental disorders. Studies have shown that daily supplements of vital nutrients often effectively reduce patients' symptoms. Supplements that contain amino acids also reduce symptoms, because they are converted to neurotransmitters that alleviate depression and other mental disorders. Based on emerging scientific evidence, this form of nutritional supplement treatment may be appropriate for controlling major depression, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia and anxiety disorders, eating disorders, attention deficit disorder/attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADD/ADHD), addiction, and autism. The aim of this manuscript is to emphasize which dietary supplements can aid the treatment of the four most common mental disorders currently affecting America and other developed countries: major depression, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, and obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD). Most antidepressants and other prescription drugs cause severe side effects, which usually discourage patients from taking their medications. Such noncompliant patients who have mental disorders are at a higher risk for committing suicide or being institutionalized. One way for psychiatrists to overcome this noncompliance is to educate themselves about alternative or complementary nutritional treatments.”

Diagnosing and treating attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in adults. (World Psychiatry. 2008)

Gender Differences in 2 Clinical Trials of Adults With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Retrospective Data Analysis. (J Clin Psychiatry. 2008) “CONCLUSION: In contrast to the results from childhood studies, women were more impaired than men on ADHD scales in our study. The higher level of emotional symptoms and more complicated presentation in women may obscure the diagnosis of ADHD. Thus, the assessments of adults with ADHD should include an exploration of the emotional dimensions of the illness.”

Hippocampus and amygdala morphology in adults with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. (J Psychiatry Neurosci. 2008)

Memory tests in subgroups of adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder reveals simultaneous capacity deficit. (Int J Neurosci. 2008)

New Insights Into the Comorbidity Between ADHD and Major Depression in Adolescent and Young Adult Females. (Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry 2008) Results: Females with ADHD had a 2.5 times higher risk for MD at adolescent follow-up compared with control females, adjusting for psychiatric comorbidity. MD in females with ADHD was associated with an earlier age at onset, greater than twice the duration, more severe depression-associated impairment, a higher rate of suicidality, and a greater likelihood of requiring psychiatric hospitalization than MD in control girls. Parental MD and proband mania were significant predictors of MD among females with ADHD, independently of other predictors.”

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