Bipolar Disorder

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Bipolar Disorder

NIH - Medical Encyclopedia Bipolar disorder

"There are two primary types of bipolar disorder. People with bipolar disorder I have had at least one fully manic episode with periods of major depression. (In the past, bipolar disorder I was called manic depression.) People with bipolar disorder II seldom experience full-fledged mania. Instead they experience periods of hypomania (elevated levels of energy and impulsiveness that are not as extreme as the symptoms of mania). These hypomanic periods alternate with episodes of major depression."

Highlighted Article

Clinical features of bipolar depression versus major depressive disorder in large multicenter trials. (Am J Psychiatry. 2006)

"RESULTS: Bipolar depression was associated with family history of bipolar disorder, an earlier age at onset, a greater previous number of depressive episodes … Fears were more common in patients with bipolar disorder, whereas sadness; insomnia; intellectual (cognitive), somatic (muscular), respiratory, genitourinary complaints; and depressed behavior were more common in patients with unipolar depression."

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Bipolar Disorder

Diagnosis, Imaging, and Screening

NEWS:

Abnormalities in Developing Adolescent Brain Seen in Bipolar Disorder

Is Bipolar Disorder Overdiagnosed? “Unnecessary side effects are a significant concern of overdiagnosis. Because mood stabilizers are the treatment of choice for bipolar disorder, overdiagnosing can unnecessarily expose patients to serious medication side effects, including possible impact to renal, endocrine, hepatic, immunologic and metabolic functions.”

ARTICLES:

JOURNAL ARTICLES:

Abnormal Corpus Callosum Integrity in Bipolar Disorder: A Diffusion Tensor Imaging Study (Biological Psychiatry 2008) “The findings demonstrate abnormalities in the structural integrity of the anterior CC in BD that might contribute to altered interhemispheric connectivity in this disorder.“

Anatomical abnormalities of the anterior cingulate and paracingulate cortex in patients with bipolar I disorder. (Psychiatry Res. 2008) “No changes in grey matter volume or surface area were identified in any region, but patients did show significant reductions in cortical thickness in the left rostral PaC and right dorsal PaC that were not attributable to group differences in cortical folding patterns. These findings suggest that bipolar disorder is associated with more pronounced changes in the PaC, and that reliance on volumetric measures alone may obscure more subtle differences.”

Increased rates of white matter hyperintensities in late-onset bipolar disorder. (Bipolar Disord. 2008)

Pituitary gland volume in adolescent and young adult bipolar and unipolar depression (Bipolar Disorders 2008) “Pituitary glands are enlarged in adolescents with mood disorders compared to controls. Healthy young females have larger pituitary glands than males, but such a difference is not evident in individuals with unipolar depression or bipolar disorder. These findings provide new evidence of abnormalities of the pituitary in early onset mood disorders, and are consistent with neuroendocrine dysfunction in early stages of such illnesses.”

Rapid cycling bipolar disorder--diagnostic concepts. (Bipolar Disord. 2008)

White matter abnormalities in bipolar disorder: a voxel-based diffusion tensor imaging study (Bipolar Disorders 2008) “Conclusions: White matter abnormalities, predominantly in the fronto-temporal regions, can be detected in patients with BD using DTI. The neuropathology of these abnormalities is uncertain, but neuronal and axonal loss, myelin abnormalities and alterations in axonal packing density are likely to be relevant. The neuroprotective effects of some antidepressants and mood stabilizers make it unlikely that medication effects could explain the abnormalities described here, although minor effects cannot be excluded.”

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