Sports Injuries and Prevention
- Achilles Tendon
- Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL)
- Ankle
- Elbow (Tennis and Golfer's Elbow)
- General Information
- Hamstring
- Internet Sites
- Knee
- Lateral Collateral Ligament (LCL)
- Ligaments
- Medial Collateral Ligament (MCL)
- Meniscus
- Muscles
- Posterior Cruciate Ligament (PCL)
- Shin Splints (Medial Tibial Stress Syndrome)
- Shoulder
- Sprains and Strains
- Tendons
July 2008: We have expanded our Sports Injuries and Prevention coverage. Our initial new 2008 injury coverages include selections from recent years.
For Head Injury information, visit our Neural Injury, Concussion topic.
Also, warm/hot temperatures and activity can be dangerous. Visit our Water, Fluids, Dehydration and Heat Stroke topic for important information.
REVIEW our Selected Sports Injuries and Prevention Articles in 2007. Stay informed and updated!
If you have any questions regarding our Search Reports, please contact us at info@infomedsearch.com.
Sports Injuries and Prevention
NIH – NIAMS Sports Injuries “What Are Sports Injuries? Fast Facts: An Easy-to-Read Series of Publications for the Public "Sports injuries" are injuries that happen when playing sports or exercising. Some are from accidents. Others can result from poor training practices or improper gear. Some people get injured when they are not in proper condition. Not warming up or stretching enough before you play or exercise can also lead to injuries. The most common sports injuries are: • Sprains and strains • Knee injuries • Swollen muscles • Achilles tendon injuries • Pain along the shin bone • Fractures • Dislocations. “
NHS - Sports injuries “Symptoms: Virtually any part of your body can be injured during sport or exercise. The most common sports injuries and their symptoms are: • Sprains - this is a stretch or tear to a ligament; the tissue that holds two or more bones together. Symptoms of a sprain include pain, swelling, bruising and restriction of movement in the affected area. Sprains are common injuries in many sports and can be treated with rest and anti-inflammatory medication if necessary. • Strains - this is a twist, pull or tear of a muscle or tendon (the tough, narrow tissue at the end of a muscle that connects it to the bone). It is caused by overstretching or over-contracting a muscle. Symptoms of a strain include pain, muscle spasm and loss of strength in the muscle. Strains are common injuries in many sports, particularly those that involve running, jumping or rapid changes of direction. • Tennis elbow - symptoms include swelling around the outer edge of the elbow (because the tendon is inflamed), tenderness around the elbow and pain during movement of the elbow. Tennis elbow is due to repetitive movement of the muscles in the lower arm and can be treated with anti-inflammatory drugs, an elbow splint to support the arm, or a cortisone injection. • Golfer's elbow - this condition has similar symptoms to tennis elbow (above), with the difference that the swelling appears on the inside of the elbow due to the difference in arm movement during sport. • Jogger's nipple - this term is used to describe dermatitis (itchy, inflamed skin) around the nipples and is due to constant chafing of clothing against the nipple. Spreading petroleum jelly on your skin before running can help prevent it. Hydrocortisone cream may help to reduce symptoms once the condition has developed. • Runner's knee - this is swelling at the back of the kneecap (chondromalacia) and can cause a grating sensation in the knee. Runner's knee is due to repeated impact through running on hard surfaces. • Blisters - these are small swellings filled with serum, which are caused by friction on soft skin. Blisters are a common minor injury for athletes who take part in prolonged sports, such as long distance running or football. Rowers often develop blisters on the palms of their hands. • Head injuries - many athletes receive blows to the head during contact sports such as rugby, boxing, ice hockey, and football. This can cause concussion and even brain damage. Even if the knock is not severe enough to cause the skull to fracture, the brain bangs against the skull and can be damaged. A knock to the head can cause symptoms such as loss of consciousness, light-headedness, dizziness, nausea, and sickness. These are signs of concussion and will need medical treatment. • Tendonitis - this is an uncomfortable condition caused by overuse, strain, or a tear in a tendon. Symptoms include swelling, redness, and pain at the injured area, restricted movement of the area, and sometimes a change in appearance of the area, such as a lump or visible change in position of an affected limb. • Shin splints - this is pain along the shin bone (the bone at the front of the lower leg between the knee and the ankle), caused by inflammation and tiny fractures (microfractures) in the surface of the bone. Shin splints are common in any sport involving running and are usually caused by too much training too soon, although they can be caused by running on a hard surface or by running in shoes that do not have enough support for the foot and ankle. “
Highlighted Articles
Prevent injuries in young athletes (2008) “Participation in sports is an excellent opportunity for kids to keep busy, release energy, learn teamwork and develop healthy lifestyles. However, many children and adolescents today are involved in multiple sports and teams year-round, which has resulted in an increase in overuse injuries and burnout syndrome in youths. Some studies suggest that up to 50 percent of pediatric sports injuries fall under this classification. Overuse injuries are common due to overtraining, improper technique and limited recovery time between both sporting activities and competitive seasons. This type of injury involves microtrauma to the bone, tendons or muscles due to repetitive stress, without enough time for these structures to heal and repair naturally. “
To Stretch or Not to Stretch? The Answer Is Elastic (2008) "The truth is that after dozens of studies and years of debate, no one really knows whether stretching helps, harms, or does anything in particular for performance or injury rates. Yet most athletes remain convinced that stretching helps, and recently more and more have felt a sort of social pressure to show that they are limber, in part due to the popularity of yoga. Flexibility has become another area where many athletes want to excel. . If your goal is to prevent injury, Dr. Gilchrist said, stretching does not seem to be enough. Warming up, though, can help. If you start out by moving through a range of motions that you'll use during activity, you are less likely to be injured. . Some athletes - gymnasts, hurdlers and swimmers among them - may need to stretch to gain the flexibility they need for their sport, Dr. McHugh said. But distance runners do not benefit from being flexible, he found. The most efficient runners, those who exerted the least effort to maintain a pace, were the stiffest. . "Runners don't need to stretch," she insists. Dr. Charles Kenny, an orthopedist in private practice in Stockbridge, Mass., is even more adamantly opposed to stretching. The practice, he said, weakens performance and makes an injury more likely. "If stretching was a drug, it would be recalled," Dr. Kenny said. Stretching the hamstring muscle, for example, teaches the muscle to relax when the knee is fully extended, Dr. Kenny said. But that is not what a runner needs. Instead, runners need to have their hamstrings stiff and activated when the knees are extended. Of course, one test of how passionate researchers are about stretching is to ask them whether they themselves stretch. Many say they do. "
Overuse injuries in female athletes. (Croat Med J. 2007 ) “The last three decades have witnessed a tremendous increase in female sports participation at all levels. However, increased sports participation of female athletes has also increased the incidence of sport-related injuries, which can be either acute trauma or overuse injuries. Overuse injuries may be defined as an imbalance caused by overly intensive training and inadequate recovery, which subsequently leads to a breakdown in tissue reparative mechanisms. This article will review the most frequent overuse injuries in female athletes in the context of anatomical, physiological, and psychological differences between genders.”
The long-term consequence of anterior cruciate ligament and meniscus injuries: osteoarthritis. (Am J Sports Med. 2007 ) “At 10 to 20 years after the diagnosis, on average, 50% of those with a diagnosed anterior cruciate ligament or meniscus tear have osteoarthritis with associated pain and functional impairment: the young patient with an old knee. These individuals make up a substantial proportion of the overall osteoarthritis population. There is a lack of evidence to support a protective role of repair or reconstructive surgery of the anterior cruciate ligament or meniscus against osteoarthritis development. A consistent finding in a review of the literature is the often poor reporting of critical study variables, precluding data pooling or a meta-analysis. Osteoarthritis development in the injured joints is caused by intra-articular pathogenic processes initiated at the time of injury, combined with long-term changes in dynamic joint loading. Variation in outcome is reinforced by additional variables associated with the individual such as age, sex, genetics, obesity, muscle strength, activity, and reinjury.”
Internet SitesNIH – NIAMS Childhood Sports Injuries and Their Prevention: A Guide for Parents with Ideas for Kids
CONTINUE YOUR INFOMEDSEARCH RESEARCH with our previous InfoMedLinks. Start with InfoMedLinks 2007.
Sports Injuries and Prevention
General Information
NEWS:
Alternative Warm-Up Program Reduces Risk of ACL Injuries for Female College Soccer Players
Ankle sprains cause lasting problems for some "And while most patients eventually felt they'd recovered their normal ankle stability, up to half in certain studies reported lasting stability problems. "
Batted Balls Threaten High School Baseball Players "Most high school baseball players should wear headgear on the field to protect them from injuries from batted balls, a new study suggests. At the very least, players should consider wearing mouth guards, said study author Christy Collins, although she acknowledges that changing the culture of baseball may be a challenge."
Caffeine use common in athletes
Cool water bath boosts post-exercise recovery “The findings "suggest that cold water immersion and contrast water therapy may be beneficial recovery interventions following and between events such as track cycling where the task requires short maximal efforts, as well as longer events such as stage races where the task requires continuous high-intensity efforts on successive days," the researchers conclude.”
Cool Air Blown Under Pads May Protect Footballers From Illness “"Heat stroke in football players has unfortunately been brought to national attention following the deaths of five football players between 2001 and 2004," study author Mary Beth Horodyski, an associate professor and director of research for the Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation at the College of Medicine at the University of Florida, said in a news release issued by the society. "We wanted to look at this new technology for cooling the athlete by blowing cool, dry air underneath their uniform to see how it would affect body temperature and heart rate." When the systems the body uses to regulate heat become overwhelmed, body temperature climbs uncontrollably. Since 1995, 31 football players — from the NFL down to the sandlot — have died from heat stroke. “
Deadly Rugby Virus Spreads In Sumo Wrestlers “Rugby players may get more than just the ball out of a scrum – herpes virus can cause a skin disease called "scrumpox" and it spreads through physical contact. Researchers have studied the spread of the disease among sumo wrestlers in Japan and have discovered that a new strain of the virus could be even more pathogenic, according to a new article.”
Dramatic Increase in "Tommy John" Surgery in Young Patients Cause for Concern “The increase in the number of UCL reconstructions being done can be attributed to many factors, including improved diagnostic techniques, heightened awareness, and the probability of a positive outcome with current surgical techniques, but it is primarily due to the overuse of young throwing arms, Cain said. "In the past 10 years, year-round baseball leagues have proliferated," he said, "so the best young pitchers are throwing many more pitches and learning to throw more difficult pitches. It's great that the surgery is successful, but prevention of the injury should be the goal. Kids should be urged to rest and be careful about saving their arms, [so that they can avoid] long-term problems at a young age." Youth athletes are not the same as small adults, Cain told Medscape Orthopaedics. "Injuries that occur to the cartilage growth plates can cause damage in these young people that can affect the future health of their joints,'' he said.“
Elite Youth Athletes Need Close Monitoring By Parents, Coaches
Extra sleep boosts athletic performance: study "Athletes who get extra shut-eye over an extended period of time could see significant improvement in their athletic performance, mood, and alertness, research shows."
Football Players: Staying Active May Lower Health Risks For Large, Retired Athletes
Guidelines Issued for Treating Athletes With or at Risk for Disordered Eating
Gymnastics-related Injuries to Children Treated in Emergency Departments in the United States, 1990-2005 (PEDIATRICS 2008)
Head injuries common in women's field hockey “Lacerations and bruising accounted for more than half of the injuries, while 18 percent were concussions and 13 percent involved broken facial bones. Broken or displaced teeth accounted for 6 percent of the injuries. Experts already recommend that field hockey players wear custom-fitted mouth guards to protect against dental injuries. There have also been calls for college field hockey to follow the example of collegiate lacrosse, which requires players to use protective eyewear, Hendrickson and his colleagues point out. The current findings, the researchers add, raise the question of whether more-substantial protective gear, such as the full facial protection worn in ice hockey, might be necessary.”
Helmets Save Lives in Winter Sports
High School Knee Injuries By Sport And Gender "The knee was the second most frequently injured body site overall, with boys' football and wrestling and girls' soccer and basketball recording the highest rates of knee injury. The most common knee injuries were incomplete ligament tears, contusions, complete ligament tears, torn cartilage, fractures/dislocations and muscle tears."
Injuries common among young pole vaulters "Most injuries were to the lower extremities, with ligament sprains and muscle tears among the most common, the researchers report in the American Journal of Sports Medicine. There were no head or neck injuries."
Is Stretching All It’s Cracked Up to Be?
Lead Traces Found in Artificial Turf
Light Stretching Improves Range of Joint Motion
Male Cyclists Risk Sexual Problems If They Don't Choose The Right Bike “He points out that more than 60 per cent of male cyclists who have taken part in research studies have reported genital numbness. "Numbness is common because the pressure of the saddle can impair the blood supply to this area and put pressure on the nerves in the penis" says Mr Nargund. "This can also affect the man's ability to get an erection. "There is a greater incidence of numbness and erectile problems in men who cycle regularly and over longer training distances. That is why it is important to rest intermittently during prolonged and vigorous cycling." Choosing the right bike is essential, stresses Mr Nargund. "The male cyclist should know his bicycle well and a proper fit is particularly important for high-performance cycling" he says. "The level of pedal resistance is also very important, because riding a bike using too much resistance is a major cause of health problems in the groin area.“
Massaging Muscles Facilitates Recovery After Exercise “The scientists have determined that immediate cyclic compression of muscles after intense exercise reduced swelling and muscle damage in a study using animals. ... After the experimental exercise and massage were performed in the study, the researchers compared the muscle tissues of all of the animals, finding that the muscles in animals receiving simulated massage had improved function, less swelling and fewer signs of inflammation than did muscles in the animals that received no massage treatment after exercise.”
Menstruation Cessation in Female Teen Athletes May Be Caused by Hormone "The scientists found that ghrelin levels were higher in athletes who were not menstruating than in those who were having their periods or were non-athletic females. The athletes with higher ghrelin levels also had lower levels of the sex hormones estrogen and testosterone. "These findings suggest that hormonal disorders may explain why amenorrhea occurs in some but not all adolescent athletes," the study's presenter, Dr. Madhusmita Misra, a pediatric endocrinologist at Massachusetts General Hospital, said in a prepared statement."
"Practical" Stretching Does Not Weaken Muscles“"In moderately active individuals, short durations of stretching seem to temporarily improve flexibility without the detrimental strength losses that have been previously reported," said Eric Ryan, lead author on the study. "Pre-competition stretching became controversial due to what has been reported as decreases in performance, however, future research still needs to determine how these stretching durations may impact athletes." ACSM recommends that flexibility exercises should be a part of an overall fitness program, sufficient to develop and maintain ROM.These exercises should stretch the major muscle groups and be performed a minimum of two to three days a week. "Durations of stretching at or less than eight minutes may not significantly alter lower-leg strength," said Joel T. Cramer, Ph.D., FACSM, an author on the study. "Our findings, in conjunction with previous studies, suggest that for these muscles, there may be a 'threshold' of stretching between 8 and 10 minutes that would be necessary to decrease muscle strength." “
Prevent injuries in young athletes “Participation in sports is an excellent opportunity for kids to keep busy, release energy, learn teamwork and develop healthy lifestyles. However, many children and adolescents today are involved in multiple sports and teams year-round, which has resulted in an increase in overuse injuries and burnout syndrome in youths. Some studies suggest that up to 50 percent of pediatric sports injuries fall under this classification. Overuse injuries are common due to overtraining, improper technique and limited recovery time between both sporting activities and competitive seasons. This type of injury involves microtrauma to the bone, tendons or muscles due to repetitive stress, without enough time for these structures to heal and repair naturally. “
Protective Eyewear Key to Sports Safety "Every year in the United States, about 40,000 people suffer sports-related eye injuries, says the American Academy of Ophthalmology (AAO), which recommends that all athletes wear appropriate, sports-specific eye protection properly fitted by an eye-care professional. Lenses made from polycarbonate materials offer the highest level of impact protection. These lenses can withstand the force of a ball or other projectile traveling at 90 miles per hour, according to the AAO. "It's absolutely necessary for athletes to use protective eyewear because eye injuries can be devastating," Dr. Ruth Williams, a glaucoma specialist at the Wheaton, Ill., Eye Clinic and an AAO clinical correspondent, said in a prepared statement. "Unfortunately, many athletes feel they don't need protective eyewear or that injuries are uncommon." "
Retired NFL Players At Increased Risk For Heart Problems, Mayo Clinic Finds "The Mayo data showed that 82 percent of NFL players under age 50 had abnormal narrowing and blockages in arteries, compared to the general population of the same age. This finding suggests that the former athletes face increased risk of experiencing high blood pressure, heart attack or stroke."
Safety on the Diving Board “Surprisingly, higher diving boards were not to blame. “More than 80 percent of the dive injuries were from a dive height of less than or equal to one meter,” Lara McKenzie, Ph.D., principal investigator at Nationwide Children’s Hospital in Columbus, Ohio, was quoted as saying. “So, that is not the highest dive, that’s not a platform dive, this is the lowest dive height available at the pool.” “
Soccer's a Winner for Building Bone Health in Girls "Sports such as soccer -- with the combination of weight-bearing exercise and repetitive, "impact-loading" from jumping and running -- have been shown to build bone mineral density in adolescent girls better than some other activities. Building bone density during the teen years is considered crucial for healthy bone development, helping to ward off osteoporosis, the disease that causes bones to become brittle and break later on in life. Peak bone mass is typically achieved by age 30, according to the National Osteoporosis Foundation."
To Stretch or Not to Stretch? The Answer Is Elastic "The truth is that after dozens of studies and years of debate, no one really knows whether stretching helps, harms, or does anything in particular for performance or injury rates. Yet most athletes remain convinced that stretching helps, and recently more and more have felt a sort of social pressure to show that they are limber, in part due to the popularity of yoga. Flexibility has become another area where many athletes want to excel. . If your goal is to prevent injury, Dr. Gilchrist said, stretching does not seem to be enough. Warming up, though, can help. If you start out by moving through a range of motions that you'll use during activity, you are less likely to be injured. . Some athletes - gymnasts, hurdlers and swimmers among them - may need to stretch to gain the flexibility they need for their sport, Dr. McHugh said. But distance runners do not benefit from being flexible, he found. The most efficient runners, those who exerted the least effort to maintain a pace, were the stiffest. . "Runners don't need to stretch," she insists. Dr. Charles Kenny, an orthopedist in private practice in Stockbridge, Mass., is even more adamantly opposed to stretching. The practice, he said, weakens performance and makes an injury more likely. "If stretching was a drug, it would be recalled," Dr. Kenny said. Stretching the hamstring muscle, for example, teaches the muscle to relax when the knee is fully extended, Dr. Kenny said. But that is not what a runner needs. Instead, runners need to have their hamstrings stiff and activated when the knees are extended. Of course, one test of how passionate researchers are about stretching is to ask them whether they themselves stretch. Many say they do. "
Torn ACLs, other big injuries hit little athletes "Why the sudden influx? Orthopedic surgeons say that today's youth sports are more intense, with players often picking just one to specialize in as young as 8. And they can play and train in some sports virtually year-round - with a school team, recreation league, travel league, summer camp."
Players may improve when training mimics sport“These findings highlight the benefits of training activities that reproduce the sport-specific movement patterns, Impellizzeri and colleagues conclude.“
Two-Thirds Of Severe Sports Injuries To Female Students Due To Cheerleading
Warm-Up Reduces ACL Injury in Female Soccer Players “An alternative program that focuses on stretching, strengthening and improving balance and movements may help reduce the risk of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries in female college soccer players, according to a U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention study. The ACL is an important knee ligament. Female athletes are at greater risk for ACL injuries than males doing similar sports. “
ARTICLES:
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Ice or Heat - "Which Should I Apply?"
NATA Publishes Position Statement on Disordered Eating among Athletes
Should I Ice or Heat My Injury
JOURNAL ARTICLES:
A prospective study of iliotibial band strain in runners. (Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon). 2008)
A prospective study of injury patterns in high school pole vaulters. (Am J Sports Med. 2008 )
A systematic review into the efficacy of static stretching as part of a warm-up for the prevention of exercise-related injury. (Res Sports Med. 2008) “There is moderate to strong evidence that routine application of static stretching does not reduce overall injury rates. There is preliminary evidence, however, that static stretching may reduce musculotendinous injuries.”
Age-related rates of decline in performance among elite senior athletes. (Am J Sports Med. 2008 )
Ankle braces curb sprains in volleyball players "Ankle braces can help protect collegiate female volleyball players from sprains, a new study shows. After University of Pennsylvania volleyball players were mandated to wear a padded brace on each ankle, just one ankle injury occurred in the course of seven seasons. . Ankle injuries are common among female volleyball players, accounting for up to 36% of all injuries in these athletes, Sennett and his team note in their report in the American Journal of Sports Medicine."
Asthma and the elite athlete: summary of the International Olympic Committee's consensus conference, Lausanne, Switzerland, January 22-24, 2008. (J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2008)
[Bronchial Asthma and Sport. State of Knowledge on Bronchial Asthma of Primary Physical Education Teachers in Schleswig-Holstein.] (Pneumologie. 2008)
Childhood and adolescent sports-related overuse injuries. (Am Fam Physician. 2006 )
Chronic multiple knee ligament injuries: epidemiological analysis of more than one hundred cases. (Clinics. 2008)
Clinical consequences of posttraumatic bone bruise in the knee. (Am J Sports Med. 2007 )
Cold Drink Ingestion Improves Exercise Endurance Capacity in the Heat. (Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2008)
Common problems in endurance athletes. (Am Fam Physician. 2007) “Tendon overuse injury is degenerative rather than inflammatory. Tendinopathy is often slow to resolve and responds inconsistently to anti-inflammatory agents. Common overuse injuries in runners and other endurance athletes include patellofemoral pain syndrome, iliotibial band friction syndrome, medial tibial stress syndrome, Achilles tendinopathy, plantar fasciitis, and lower extremity stress fractures. These injuries are treated with relative rest, usually accompanied by a rehabilitative exercise program. Cyclists may benefit from evaluation on their bicycles and subsequent adjustment of seat height, cycling position, or pedal system. Endurance athletes also are susceptible to exercise-associated medical conditions, including exercise-induced asthma, exercise-associated collapse, and overtraining syndrome. These conditions are treatable or preventable with appropriate medical intervention. Dilutional hyponatremia is increasingly encountered in athletes participating in marathons and triathlons. This condition is related to overhydration with hypotonic fluids and may be preventable with guidance on appropriate fluid intake during competition.”
Cycling injuries of the lower extremity. (J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2007)
Descriptive epidemiology of collegiate men's soccer injuries: National Collegiate Athletic Association Injury Surveillance System, 1988-1989 through 2002-2003. (J Athl Train. 2007)
Descriptive epidemiology of collegiate women's basketball injuries: National Collegiate Athletic Association Injury Surveillance System, 1988-1989 through 2003-2004. (J Athl Train. 2007 )
Descriptive epidemiology of collegiate women's field hockey injuries: National Collegiate Athletic Association Injury Surveillance System, 1988-1989 through 2002-2003. (J Athl Train. 2007 )
Descriptive epidemiology of collegiate women's gymnastics injuries: National Collegiate Athletic Association Injury Surveillance System, 1988-1989 through 2003-2004. (J Athl Train. 2007)
Descriptive epidemiology of collegiate women's lacrosse injuries: National Collegiate Athletic Association Injury Surveillance System, 1988-1989 through 2003-2004. (J Athl Train. 2007 )
Descriptive epidemiology of collegiate women's soccer injuries: National Collegiate Athletic Association Injury Surveillance System, 1988-1989 through 2002-2003. (J Athl Train. 2007 )
Descriptive epidemiology of collegiate women's softball injuries: National Collegiate Athletic Association Injury Surveillance System, 1988-1989 through 2003-2004. (J Athl Train. 2007 )
Descriptive epidemiology of collegiate women's volleyball injuries: National Collegiate Athletic Association Injury Surveillance System, 1988-1989 through 2003-2004. (J Athl Train. 2007 )
Does exercise during growth prevent fractures in later life? (Med Sport Sci. 2007)
Effect of a 5 min cold water immersion recovery on exercise performance in the heat. (Br J Sports Med. 2008)
Effects of secondary warm up following stretching. (Eur J Appl Physiol. 2008)
Endurance sport practice as a risk factor for atrial fibrillation and atrial flutter. (Europace. 2008) “In summary, recent data suggest an association between endurance sport practice and atrial fibrillation and flutter. The underlying mechanism explaining this association is unclear, although structural atrial changes (dilatation and fibrosis) are probably present. Larger longitudinal studies and mechanistic studies are needed to further characterize the association to clarify whether a threshold limit for the intensity and duration of physical activity may prevent AF, without limiting the cardiovascular benefits of exercise.”
Epidemiological features of high school baseball injuries in the United States, 2005-2007. (Pediatrics. 2008)
Epidemiology of basketball injuries among adults presenting to ambulatory care settings in the United States. (Clin J Sport Med. 2007 )
Epidemiology of lower extremity injuries among U.S. high school athletes. (Acad Emerg Med. 2007 )
Epidemiology of National Football League Training Camp Injuries From 1998 to 2007. (Am J Sports Med. 2008) "The most common injury during the training camp period was a knee sprain, followed by hamstring strains and contusions"
[Gymnastic school sport injuries--aspects of preventive measures] (Sportverletz Sportschaden. 2006 )
Hamstring injuries: risk assessment and injury prevention. (Ann Acad Med Singapore. 2008)
Heartbeat irregularity in athletes appears benign “Elite athletes usually have lower-than-normal heart rates when at rest, but when they are active, some develop rapid heart rhythms known as ventricular tachyarrhythmias. Studies suggest that up to 30 percent of high-level athletes show irregular ventricular rhythms. In the absence of any underlying heart abnormality, these rhythm irregularities are thought to stem from the effects of training and are considered to be a part of a benign condition known as "athlete's heart." Another feature of athlete's heart is an enlargement of the heart's main pumping chamber, known as left ventricular hypertrophy, or LVH. … Instead, they say, alterations in nervous system activity, brought on by high-level athletic training, may be responsible. In support of this, past research has shown that ventricular tachyarrhythmias decline once athletes stop training and playing at a competitive level. These latest findings, Biffi and colleagues write, "offer a measure of clinical reassurance regarding the benign nature of ventricular tachyarrhythmias in elite athletes and the expression of athlete's heart." “
Heat strain and gross efficiency during endurance exercise after lower, upper, or whole body precooling in the heat. (Int J Sports Med. 2006 )
Helmets protect skiers, snowboarders from head injury
Hip Injuries and Labral Tears in the National Football League. (Am J Sports Med. 2008)
Injuries during the 2006 Women's Rugby World Cup. (Br J Sports Med. 2008)
Long Distance Running and Knee Osteoarthritis A Prospective Study. (Am J Prev Med. 2008) "CONCLUSIONS: Long-distance running among healthy older individuals was not associated with accelerated radiographic OA. These data raise the possibility that severe OA may not be more common among runners."
Long-term endurance sport practice increases the incidence of lone atrial fibrillation in men: a follow-up study (Europace 2008)
Lower extremity injuries in the skeletally immature athlete. (J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2007 )
Melanoma Markers in Marathon Runners: Increase with Sun Exposure and Physical Strain. (Dermatology. 2008) "Conclusion: Sun exposure and high physical strain lead to an increase in melanoma markers such as lentigines and nevi in marathon runners."
Omega-3 fatty acid supplementation enhances stroke volume and cardiac output during dynamic exercise. (Eur J Appl Physiol. 2008) " . dietary supplementation with these fatty acids can increase oxygen delivery during exercise, which may have beneficial clinical implications for individuals with cardiovascular disease and reduced exercise tolerance."
Oral administration of vitamin C decreases muscle mitochondrial biogenesis and hampers training-induced adaptations in endurance performance (American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2008) "Conclusion: Vitamin C supplementation decreases training efficiency because it prevents some cellular adaptations to exercise."
Overuse injuries in female athletes. (Croat Med J. 2007 ) “The last three decades have witnessed a tremendous increase in female sports participation at all levels. However, increased sports participation of female athletes has also increased the incidence of sport-related injuries, which can be either acute trauma or overuse injuries. Overuse injuries may be defined as an imbalance caused by overly intensive training and inadequate recovery, which subsequently leads to a breakdown in tissue reparative mechanisms. This article will review the most frequent overuse injuries in female athletes in the context of anatomical, physiological, and psychological differences between genders.”
Prevalence of and Traits Associated with Low BMD among Female Adolescent Runners. (Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 2008)
Prevalence of asthma-like symptoms, asthma and its treatment in elite athletes. (Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2008)
Quercetin reduces susceptibility to influenza infection following stressful exercise. (Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2008)
Risk Factors and Mechanisms of Knee Injuryin Runners. (Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2008)
Surgery for rotator cuff disease. (Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2008)
The Acute Effects of Dynamic and Ballistic Stretching on Vertical Jump Height, Force, and Power. (J Strength Cond Res. 2008)
The effects of neuromuscular training on knee joint motor control during sidecutting in female elite soccer and handball players. (Clin J Sport Med. 2008)
The effects of strength training on the lower extremity biomechanics of female recreational athletes during a stop-jump task. (Am J Sports Med. 2008) "CONCLUSIONS: Strength training alone does not alter knee and hip kinematics and kinetics in female recreational athletes. Further research is needed to determine the effect of strength training in combination with other intervention methods on lower extremity biomechanics. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Strength training as a single intervention method may not be sufficient to reduce the risk of noncontact anterior cruciate ligament injury in female recreational athletes."
The Epidemiology of United States High School Soccer Injuries, 2005-2007. (Am J Sports Med. 2008 )
The Epidemiology of US High School Basketball Injuries, 2005-2007. (Am J Sports Med. 2008)
The risk for a cruciate ligament injury of the knee in adolescents and young adults: a population-based cohort study of 46 500 people with a 9 year follow-up. (Br J Sports Med. 2008)
Treatment of longstanding groin pain in athletes: a systematic review. (Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2008)
Upper Extremity Injuries in the National Football League: Part I: Hand and Digital Injuries. (Am J Sports Med. 2008 )
Upper Extremity Injuries in the National Football League: Part II: Elbow, Forearm, and Wrist Injuries. (Am J Sports Med. 2008 ) “RESULTS: There were 859 total injuries over the 10-year period: 58% involved the elbow, 30% involved the wrist, and 12% involved the forearm. Ligamentous injuries were the most common diagnosis in the elbow and wrist, with wrist sprains the most common of all diagnoses. Fractures were the most common injury occurring in the forearm. For all 3 anatomic locations, game injuries were much more common than practice injuries by a factor of 2.8 to 1. Forearm injuries led to a mean of 42 days lost, wrist injuries led to a mean of 27 days lost, and elbow injuries led to an average of 22 days lost. Fractures and dislocations led to the greatest amount of time lost (47 days and 53 days, respectively). Tackling was the activity most often (24%) implicated as causing injuries to the elbow, forearm, and wrist. Offensive and defensive linemen were most commonly injured. Elbow injuries were the most common at these positions, constituting approximately 75% of all injuries. Defensive backs sustained the greatest number of forearm injuries, approximately double the total number at any other position.”
What are the breast support choices of Australian females during physical activity? (Br J Sports Med. 2008)
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