Alzheimer's Disease - Dementia

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Alzheimer's Disease - Dementia

NIH - Medical Encyclopedia Alzheimer's Disease

"Alzheimer's disease (AD), one form of dementia, is a progressive, degenerative brain disease. It affects memory, thinking, and behavior. Memory impairment is a necessary feature for the diagnosis of this or any type of dementia. Change in one of the following areas must also be present: language, decision-making ability, judgment, attention, and other areas of mental function and personality. The rate of progression is different for each person. If AD develops rapidly, it is likely to continue to progress rapidly. If it has been slow to progress, it will likely continue on a slow course. There are two types of AD -- early onset and late onset. In early onset AD, symptoms first appear before age 60. Early onset AD is much less common, accounting for only 5-10% of cases. However, it tends to progress rapidly. The brain tissue shows "neurofibrillary tangles" (twisted fragments of protein within nerve cells that clog up the cell), "neuritic plaques" (abnormal clusters of dead and dying nerve cells, other brain cells, and protein), and "senile plaques" (areas where products of dying nerve cells have accumulated around protein). Although these changes occur to some extent in all brains with age, there are many more of them in the brains of people with AD."

Highlighted Articles

Education and Alzheimer disease without dementia: support for the cognitive reserve hypothesis. (Neurology. 2007)

"CONCLUSIONS: Regardless of the neuropathologic criteria used, education is predictive of dementia status among individuals with neuropathologic Alzheimer disease. These results support the theory that individuals with greater cognitive reserve, as reflected in years of education, are better able to cope with AD brain pathology without observable deficits in cognition."

Nutritional factors, cognitive decline, and dementia. (Brain Res Bull. 2006)

"Nutritional factors and nutritional deficiencies have been repeatedly associated with cognitive impairment. … Deficiencies of several B vitamins have been associated with cognitive dysfunction in many observational studies. More recently, deficiencies of folate (B(9)) and cobalamine (B(12)) have been studied in relation to hyperhomocysteinemia as potential determinants of cognitive impairment, dementia, and Alzheimer's disease (AD). A small number of studies assessed the association between intake of macronutrients and cognitive function or dementia. Among the others, the intake of fatty acids and cholesterol has received particular attention. Although the results are not always consistent, most studies have reported a protective role of dietary intakes of poly- and mono-unsaturated fatty acids against cognitive decline and AD."

Exercise Is Associated with Reduced Risk for Incident Dementia among Persons 65 Years of Age and Older (Annals of Internal Medicine 2006)

"Conclusion: These results suggest that regular exercise is associated with a delay in onset of dementia and Alzheimer disease, further supporting its value for elderly persons."

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Alzheimer's Disease - Dementia

General Information

NEWS:

Abnormal Protein May Explain Loss of Smell With Alzheimer's

Are Falls a Harbinger of Alzheimer's Disease? “Falls in older adults who are otherwise physically and cognitively healthy might be an early sign of Alzheimer's disease, according to research presented here at the Alzheimer's Association International Conference 2011. "The results of our study indicate the importance of understanding not only the cognitive impairments associated with Alzheimer's disease, but also the motor changes that appear to come before the cognitive changes," presenting author Susan Stark, PhD, from Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, told Medscape Medical News. "I study falls in older adults, and we know that the fall rate among older adults who have Alzheimer's disease is much higher than in adults who do not," Dr. Stark said.”

Cataract Surgery Helps Alzheimer's Patients

Cholesterol Levels Linked to Brain Changes of Alzheimer’s Disease

Dementia, Mild Cognitive Impairment Common In 'Oldest Old' Women“The prevalence of dementia in women 90 years and older was approximately double that of women ages 85 to 89 years (28.2 percent vs. 13.9 percent), however the distribution of dementia subtypes (Alzheimer's disease, vascular dementia, mixed or other) was similar across all age groups. Compared with women with normal cognition, those with dementia were on average older, less likely to have completed high school and more likely to live in a nursing home. Women with dementia were also more likely to have reported depression, a history of stroke, and to have an apolipoprotein E e4 (APOE e4) allele (an alternative form of the gene).”

Hearing Loss Associated With Development of Dementia

Laughter Might Be Good Medicine for Alzheimer's Patients

Mental Decline Common in Women Over 85: Study

Not All Memory Complaints Signal Trouble

Predictive value of APOE-e4 allele for progression from MCI to AD-type dementia: a meta-analysis (J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2011) “The APOE-e4 allele is associated with a moderately increased risk for progression from MCI to AD-type dementia. The low sensitivity and PPV makes genotyping of limited value for predicting AD-type dementia in clinical practice.”

Short-Term Memory Loss May Be Best Predictor of Alzheimer's“Mild cognitive impairment is usually marked by difficulties with short-term memory, such as losing your train of thought repeatedly or having trouble remembering what you did yesterday. You may begin to demonstrate uncharacteristically poor judgment or have trouble finding your way around familiar places. Some people may also develop depression or anxiety, or show signs of unusual irritation, aggression or apathy. People with MCI can generally recall events in the more distant past in detail, however, and are usually able to reason, solve problems and communicate well with others in spite of relatively minor memory loss. In addition, not all cases of MCI progress to Alzheimer's disease.”

Storytelling Program Improves Lives of People With Alzheimer's

U.S. Southeast 'Stroke Belt' Also Shows Higher Rates of Cognitive Decline“The Stroke Belt states -- known to have significantly higher rates of stroke deaths than the rest of the country -- include Alabama, Arkansas, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina and Tennessee. According to the researchers, shared risk factors for stroke and brain impairment appear to be to blame for the greater incidence of cognitive decline in this geographic region.”

ARTICLES:

Slideshow: When a Loved One Has Alzheimer's Disease

JOURNAL ARTICLES:

Alzheimer's-Like Brain Changes Found in Cognitively Normal Elders With Amyloid Plaques

ApoE E4 is a Susceptibility Factor in Amnestic but not Aphasic Dementias. (Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord. 2011)

Apolipoprotein E in Alzheimer's disease and other neurological disorders. (Lancet Neurol. 2011)

Applicability and Effects of Physical Exercise on Physical and Cognitive Functions and Activities of Daily Living Among People With Dementia: A Systematic Review. (Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 2011)

Association between cerebrospinal fluid tau and brain atrophy is not related to clinical severity in the Alzheimer's disease continuum. (Psychiatry Res. 2011)

Cognitive decline in prodromal Alzheimer disease and mild cognitive impairment. (Arch Neurol. 2011) “Dementia due to Alzheimer disease is preceded by about 5 to 6 years of accelerated decline in multiple cognitive functions. By contrast, little decline is evident in persons who do not develop Alzheimer disease.”

Cognitive reserve and Alzheimer's disease biomarkers are independent determinants of cognition. (Brain. 2011)

Dementia Mortality: Estimates of survival after the onset of dementia range from 4 to 12 years (Indian J Psychiatry. 2011)

Depressive Symptoms and Risk for Dementia: A 9-Year Follow-Up of the Maastricht Aging Study. (Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2011)

Diet and Alzheimer's Disease Risk Factors or Prevention (Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics 2011)

[Early onset dementia.] (Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen. 2011)

Effects of n-3 fatty acids on cognitive decline: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in stable myocardial infarction patients. (Alzheimers Dement. 2011) “This large intervention study showed no effect of dietary doses of n-3 fatty acids on global cognitive decline in coronary heart disease patients.”

Effects of Socially Stimulating Group Intervention on Lonely, Older People's Cognition: A Randomized, Controlled Trial. (Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2011)

Frontotemporal atrophy associated with paranoid delusions in women with Alzheimer's disease. (Int Psychogeriatr. 2011 )

Hearing loss and cognition in the Baltimore longitudinal study of aging. (Neuropsychology. 2011) “ Hearing loss is independently associated with lower scores on tests of memory and executive function.”

Incidence of dementia and cognitive impairment, not dementia in the united states. (Ann Neurol. 2011) “The incidence of CIND is greater than the incidence of dementia, and those with CIND are at high risk of progressing to dementia, making CIND a potentially valuable target for treatments aimed at slowing cognitive decline.”

Is High Homocysteine Level a Risk Factor for Cognitive Decline in Elderly? A Systematic Review, Meta-Analysis, and Meta-Regression (American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 2011)

Life Space and Risk of Alzheimer Disease, Mild Cognitive Impairment, and Cognitive Decline in Old Age. (Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2011) “A constricted life space is associated with increased risk of AD, MCI, and cognitive decline among older persons.”

Neuropathology of Frontotemporal Lobar Degeneration-Tau (FTLD-Tau). (J Mol Neurosci. 2011)

Progression of language decline and cortical atrophy in subtypes of primary progressive aphasia (Neurology 2011)

Subjective memory complaints, vascular risk factors and psychological distress in the middle-aged: a cross-sectional study. (BMC Psychiatry. 2011)

The Association Between Blood Pressure and Incident Alzheimer Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. (Epidemiology. 2011)

The association between aerobic fitness and executive function is mediated by prefrontal cortex volume. (Brain Behav Immun. 2011)

The association of antihypertensive medication use with risk of cognitive decline and dementia: a meta-analysis of longitudinal studies. (Int J Clin Pract. 2011) “The quantitative meta-analysis showed that antihypertensive medication use could decrease risk of the development of VD and any dementia, but could not decrease that of AD, cognitive decline and cognitive impairment. “

The Clinical Course of Advanced Dementia (NEJM 2011)

The role of inflammation in the pathogenesis of delirium and dementia in older adults: a review. (CNS Neurosci Ther. 2011)

Vulnerability to stress, anxiety, and development of dementia in old age. (Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2011)

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